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Saturday, April 5, 2014

HUMAN RIGHTS----- CIVICS FORM ONE BY. MWL. JAPHET MASATU.

HUMAN RIGHTS --- CIVICS FORM ONE.

INTRODUCTION.

Bill of Rights (1689)

Human rights is the idea that all people should have rights. These rights are seen as universal, which means they are meant for everyone, no matter what their race, religion, ethnicity, nationality, age, sex (also women's rights), political beliefs (or any other kind of beliefs), intelligence, disability, sexual orientation, or gender identity are.

Human rights history

The idea of human rights originated from ideas found in religion and philosophy in Western Europe. The modern Western idea of human rights started in the European Enlightenment. In the 16th century, some people started suggesting that everyone had the religious and political right to choose their religion and their leaders. This sort of thinking was important in the English Civil War. After the war, the philosopher John Locke argued that people should have these rights; he was one of the first people to call them "human rights." These ideas were also important in the American revolution and the French revolution in the 18th century.
In the 19th century, John Stuart Mill was an important philosopher who thought about human rights. He said that people should be able to control their own bodies and minds. He talked about three special ideas:

freedom of speech
freedom of assembly
freedom to do what a person wishes if it does not harm others (even if other people think it is bad)

Hegel was a philosopher who talked about the idea of free will. He also talked about what makes a person free: that a person has to have certain relations with other people to have true freedom. A person has to be able to:

own property
make contracts with other people
make moral promises to people
live with anyone
get protection from laws
have a voice in government

Human rights laws

Because people believe that human rights are important, countries make laws to protect them. These laws say that governments cannot take away people's basic rights. They make sure people who take away other people's rights are punished.
Some major political organizations have made statements that promote human rights. These are not laws, but they affect us anyway. If groups or countries do not follow these statements, others will condemn them (say that they are very bad); and then people may not talk with them, do business with them, or help them.

Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen approved by the National Assembly of France, August 26, 1789

Some of the important places that human rights laws are written is in constitutions. The United States Constitution and Constitution of France are two of the oldest set of laws based on human rights.
In 1948 the United Nations made the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. This is a widely respected document that says what the United Nations believes are human rights. It is not a law, but is the basis on which two important agreements are written:

These are United Nations human rights Covenants: agreements between people or countries. The countries who sign these two covenants agree to follow them.
In addition to those Declaration and Covenants, there are many treaties and documents made by United Nations and other international organizations. Those treaties and documents are called "International human rights law".

List of human rights

Not everyone agrees on what the basic human rights are. Here is a list of some of the most recognized ones:

Right to privacy
Right to live
Right to marriage and family
To own property
Free Speech
Safety from violence
Equality of both males and females; women's rights
Fair trial
To be considered innocent until proven guilty
To be a citizen of a country
To be recognized as a person
The right to express his or her sexual orientation
To vote
To seek asylum if a country treats you badly
To think freely
To believe and practice the religion a person wants
To peacefully protest (speak against) a government or group
Health care (medical care)
To communicate through a language
Not be forced into marriage
The right to love and to be loved

The right to work
The right to express oneself

Human rights abuses

Abuse means to intentionally harm a person or people physically, mentally, emotionally, or verbally once or many times. Human rights abuse follows along similarly, also keeping in count the universal rights. Human rights abuse happens when a person is hurt in a way that violates (goes against) his/her human rights. Human rights abuses are also often called human rights violations.

Examples of human rights abuses or violations are

Putting a person in jail because they said that the government is doing bad things, or because they are religious or irreligious.
Taking a person's home because they are from a different country
Not letting someone who is a citizen of a country vote because he or she has the "wrong" kind of attribute as mentioned on top of article.
Violence toward someone because they have a (or any) religion, or a different religion to the one of the abuser.

Many people, groups, and countries think protecting human rights is very important. But not everyone in the world believes in human rights. If people who do not believe in human rights have political power they can hurt many people. Even if these people have no political power, they can be violent to other people. There are many people who work to protect everyone's human rights; some of these are government groups, and some are not with any government. They are sometimes called human rights organizations. Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch are examples of human rights organizations.