3.1.0 Establishment of colonialism
3.1.1 Scramble for and partition of Africa
The motivational forces behind the scramble for Africa - Economic imperialism, an economic slump from 1873-1893, growth of nationalism in Europe, the Berlin Conference, strategic considerations, control of the Niger Delta/Egypt/Congo Basin/Suez Canal/East Africa
The areas controlled by European powers during the scramble for Africa - French controlled West Africa, Belgians controlled Congo, British controlled Southern Africa/Uganda/Kenya
/Egypt/Sudan/Nigeria/Ghana, Germans controlled Namibia/Tanzania/Cameroon, Italians controlled Eritrea/Somalia/Libya, Portuguese controlled Angola/Mozambique/Guinea-Bissau
Some areas in Africa experienced more intensive scramble than others in the 19th century because they were economically strategic
3.1.2 The Berlin Conference (1884-1885)
The resolutions of the Berlin Conference of 1884/1885 - King Leopold’s claim for Congo is legalized, Congo and Niger rivers were free commercial and navigation zones, countries who controlled coastal areas legally could expand to the interior, administration and infrastructure must be built, missionaries/traders were given free access to the interior to ‘civilize’ Africa and end the slave trade, set boundaries to help resolve conflict among European powers and to avoid war
The outcome of the Berlin Conference was an agreement on how to colonize Africa
One-sided treaties made by explorers in Africa helped the Berlin Conference to identify areas of exploitation
The USA attended the Berlin Conference as an observer
3.1.3 Establishment of colonial rule
What methods did the Germans use in the conquest of Tanganyika - Diplomacy, unfair treaties, violence, collaboration with local chiefs
What were the decisions reached in the Anglo-German Agreement (Helgoland) of 1890 - Tanganyika came under the sphere of influence of Germany, Britain gained influence over Zanzibar/Pemba/ Kenya/Uganda, completed the partition of East Africa, administration was left to their chartered companies
What were the reasons for and effects of the Anglo-German Agreement (Helgoland) of 1890 -
Reasons for - Zanzibar was to be recognized, Britain wanted Uganda to control the source of the Nile river
Effects of - partition of East Africa was completed, Dar es Salaam and Mombasa became main ports linked by railways, the treaty was the beginning of colonialism
Treaties between the British and the Sultan of Oman to end the slave trade in Zanzibar
Moresby Treaty - 1st attempt by the British to end the slave trade in Zanzibar, 1822
Harmeton Treaty - 2nd attempt by the British to end the slave trade in Zanzibar, 1845
Frere Treaty - 3rd treaty by the British to end the slave trade in Zanzibar, slave market closed 1873
Europeans abandoned going into the interior of Africa to get slaves because it was risky to them due to violence and tropical diseases
During the colonial period, provision of social services was not given a priority to Africans because social services would take part of the profits away from Europeans
Britain was interested in Uganda because it was situated at the head of the Nile river
Ethiopia was not colonized
3.1.4 African reactions to colonial rule
Reasons why some Africans collaborated with colonialists - They were militarily weak, to avoid confrontation with rival tribes, to acquire arms from Europeans, wanted peace, wanted opportunities in colonial governments, desire for wealth/power, ignorance of European intentions, they were Christian
Reasons why some Africans resisted colonial rule - Europeans supported traditional enemies, protect their own economic interests, defend sovereignty, opposing brutal colonial policies, to defend traditional culture/religion
Reasons why conflicts between Africans and Whites were inevitable - Colonial alliances with traditional tribal enemies, wanted to remove exploitative structures, resist land alienation, defend political sovereignty, preserve their trade monopolies, harsh treatment and exploitative policies, resisting European culture and Christianity
The causes of Maji Maji war of 1905-1907 in Tanganyika - Germans brutal treatment of natives, tradition of resisting foreigners, forced cultivation of cotton, confiscation of land and cattle, introduction of taxation, forced labour, political dissatisfaction with the German government
How the Maji Maji war of 1905-1907 in Tanganyika remains a symbol of the African struggle against colonial rule - It opposed the following colonial practices: Forced labour, imposition of heavy taxes and fines, disruption of traditional rule and practices, colonial ruthlessness, Africans gained the spirit of leadership against colonialism, people learned how to defend their rights, united people of different tribes, stepping stone towards decolonization
3.2.0 Colonial administrative systems
3.2.1 Direct rule, indirect rule, assimilation and association
Compare and contrast British (Indirect rule) and French system (Assimilation) of administration as practiced in Africa during colonial period. - Similarities: Racist towards Africans, whites occupied high offices of administration, instituted legislative council of chiefs, taxation and forced labour, laws and policies were created in Europe not Africa. Differences: French saw colonies as part of France, British saw colonies as distinct entities, French Africans became French citizens, British ones did not, French rule was highly centralized and run from Dakar, British tried to respect traditional methods of choosing chiefs
Why the British chose indirect rule - The system was inexpensive, British lacked enough people to administer colonies, avoided clashes with natives, administration structures existed in Nigeria and Buganda, geographical difficulties in controlling colonial Africa
The British exercised direct rule in some parts of Zimbabwe because the natives and traditional chiefs opposed colonial rule
3.2.2 Colonial military and legal institutions
Colonial Military Institutions - Refers to army and police forces used to maintain law, order and security in the state
Functions of colonial military institutions - Suppressing African resistance, maintaining security, preserving peace, arresting criminals, defending boundaries, collecting taxes, supervision public works, enforce land alienation policies, help in the invasion and domination of colonial powers in Africa
Colonial Legal Institutions - Institutions dealing with education, legal aid, courts, prisons, implementing indirect rule
Functions of colonial legal institutions - Make laws/acts/ordinances, amend laws/acts/ordinances, deal with people’s claims, direct legal procedures, supporting legal institutions like the courts and prisons
3.3.0 Colonial economy
3.3.1 Establishment of the colonial economy
How the colonial state upheld the interests of white settlers in Kenya - Establishment of army/police/judiciary/prisons to control power, encouraging settler migration from Europe to Kenya, confiscating fertile land from indigenous to give to Europeans, imposition of taxation, transportation means were built like roads/railways/ports, provided easy loans to settlers, Africans were banned from participating in the production of cash crops
What were the negatives and positives of colonial economies on the Africa continent -
Negatives - Production was based on white settler plantations with African labour, destruction of traditional economic practices, ending of the barter system, introduction of colonial administration, neglect of food crops
Positives - Introduction of money economy, building of infrastructure, technology is brought in, new products become available
Settlers were favoured by colonial governments because - Fertile land was given to white settlers and Africans were given infertile land, taxation of Africans, demanding cheap African labour on settlers farms/mines, government grants/loans given to settlers, monopoly of cash crops
Effects of a colonial economy on East Africa - Uneven distribution of social and physical infrastructure, establishment of a heavy mining industry in Tanganyika, introduction of new crops like sisal/cotton/pyrethrum, utilization of cheap African labour
In Sierra Leone colonization was accompanied by mass European settlement
The British built the Uganda railway in order to gain easy access to resources surrounding the interlucastrine area
3.3.2 Sectors of the colonial economy
The following sectors of the colonial economy favoured Europeans and Asians in Africa - Agriculture, mining, financial institutions, transport and commerce
Characteristics of settler and plantation agriculture in colonial Africa - Products were meant for export and profit, needed large number of labourers and lots of land, needed infrastructure like railroads, based on cash crop production rather than on solving economic problems of the indigenous, land alienation, direct supervision by colonial officials to ensure efficient production of materials
Why did the colonial powers oppose the development of manufacturing industries in the colonies - Colonists had no interest, wanted raw materials from Africa, manufacturing was done in Europe, wanted Africans to remain as cheap labour, wanted Africa to be a market of European goods
Goals of transport construction - Transporting raw materials from the interior to the coast, transporting missionaries to the interior, facilitating communication with mining areas/farms, transport migrant labourers, transporting soldiers, transporting colonialadministrators, strategic reasons (Uganda line was
built by the British to be used against the Belgians in the Congo to protect the head of the Nile river), to open up Africa for European exploitation, to learn about the geography of the interior
Characteristics of colonial infrastructure - Railways and road networks started from the coast and moved into the interior, no connection between colonies from different powers, they did not build roads to serve Africans in the rainy seasons, very few communication networks were built, constructed mainly through forced labour and financed by taxes collected from Africans
3.3.3 Colonial labour
Methods used to obtain labour - Land alienation, use of force, use of communal labour, use of feudal relations, conscription, use of contract labour, western education was introduced to train administrators, creation of labour reserves, taxation, low wages, introduction of manufactured goods
Conditions of labourers in colonies - Labourers were paid low wages, discrimination against Africans, no insurance for Africans, Africans could not travel without a pass in their own country, forced labour, Africans were oppressed/exploited/humiliated, labourers were refused social services
3.4.0 Colonial social services
3.4.1 Colonial education
Critically examine the problems of colonial education to Africa societies - Based on race/gender/religion, syllabus determined by colonialists, very few Africans received education, examinations were used as the means to limit student success, some regions were not given education, education of Africans was inferior to whites, created educated and uneducated classes
3.4.2 Colonial health services
Objectives of colonial health services - Maintaining and protecting the health of colonialists, tried to eradicate malaria and other diseases, training nurses and doctors, improving health and hygiene of Africans
Characteristics of colonial health services - Offered on the basis of race, few African doctors, services were offered in towns and missionary centers, medicine was curative and not preventative, Europeans did not use traditional African medicine, little funding from the colonial government
Impact of colonial health services - Reinforced racial classes in colonies, areas without raw materials were not provided health services, created regional imbalances between towns/missionary/plantation areas and the rest of the colony, people relied on curative treatments instead of preventative care, Africans abandoned traditional medicine
3.4.3 Provision of water and housing services during the colonial era
Objectives of provision of water and housing services - Aimed at serving settlers/soldiers/labourers, served members of the colonial bureaucracy/administration, improved health and hygiene for Africans in towns
Characteristics of water and housing services - Offered on the basis of race, unevenly distributed (depended on the economic value of an area), areas for labourers had no housing of water services which were established by colonialists, based on religious grounds (missionary areas had better water)
Impact of water and housing services - Reinforced racial classes in colonies, areas without raw materials or colonialists were marginalized and denied services, created regional imbalances.
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