ANSWER:
---Define globalization/ What is
globalization ?
----causes of
globalization
---aspects of globalization
---Effects of
globalization on Tanzanian
culture.
Globalization
(or globalisation) is the process of international integration arising
from the interchange of world views, products, ideas and
other aspects of culture.
Advances in transportation and telecommunications
infrastructure, including the rise of the telegraph
and its posterity the Internet,
are major factors in globalization, generating further interdependence
of economic and cultural activities.
OR
Globalization is a
process of interaction and integration among the people, companies, and
governments of different nations, a process driven by international trade and investment and aided by information technology. This process has effects on the environment, on culture, on political systems, on economic development and prosperity, and on human physical well-being in societies around the world.
Globalization is
not new, though. For thousands of years, people—and, later, corporations—have
been buying from and selling to each other in lands at great distances, such as
through the famed Silk Road across Central Asia that connected China and Europe
during the Middle Ages. Likewise, for centuries, people and corporations have
invested in enterprises in other countries. In fact, many of the features of
the current wave of globalization are similar to those prevailing before the
outbreak of the First World War in 1914.
What are the positive aspects of globalization?
Followings
are the positive Aspects of Globalization:-
i. As more
money is poured into developing countries, there is a greater chance for the
people in those countries to economically succeed and increase their standard
of living.
ii. Global
competition encourages creativity and innovation and keeps prices for
commodities/services in check.
iii.
Developing countries are able to reap the benefits of current technology
without undergoing many of the growing pains associated with development of
these technologies.
iv.
Governments are able to better work together towards common goals now that
there is an advantage in cooperation, an improved ability to interact and
coordinate, and a global awareness of issues.
v. There is
a greater access to foreign culture in the form of movies, music, food,
clothing, and more. In short, the world has more choices.
Now, have a
look on the positive aspects of the impact of globalization on economy, society
and culture and education one by one-
Economy:
In most of
the developing countries, the economic policies had not been yielding good
results, especially for the poorer sections. The gap between the rich and the
poor had constantly been on the rise. Due to lack of competition, the big
business houses had been selling average products at high prices.
In other
words, the consumers were not getting the best products available in other
countries at much cheaper prices. The monopoly of the internal big
industrialists and business houses was not meant for any special benefits to
the common people. This can be illustrated by the example of the television
industry in India.
Politics,
Society and Culture :
The debate
over the desirability or otherwise of fixing parameters of developed
socio-cultural systems, is an everlasting one. One set of scholars has been coming
up "Ideal Types' or the systems having the most desirable socio-political
and cultural traits. These scholars suggest that all the societies should make
conscious efforts to acquire the traits of the 'ideal' system. They also
suggest that the pre-modern traits should be shed-off.
On the other
hand, there are scholars who argue that every society and every culture has its
virtues, and that, "ideal types" should not be imposed upon. They
advocate for the right of every group to preserve its own socio-cultural and
political characteristics.
In short,
even though scholars may disagree on "Ideal Types", they all agree on
the desirability of equality and justice becoming the basis of any socio-
cultural and political system.
Education :
Eduction
provides knowledge and prepares people to adjust to, or if necessary, mould the
environment in which he/she lives. Globalisation will help in making the
obsolete education systems up-to-date. Knowledge of the latest events,
technologies, facts, developments, discoveries and human endeavours is
essential for the development of any society. With the-demolition of
restrictions/barriers, universities and institutions of the developed countries
will be offering their knowledge in the less developed ones through pranchise or
partnerships with local universities/institutions.
Causes
and effects of Globalization
First of all
Globalization is a positive thing and it benefits a country who, for
example, specializes in a certain product and then exchange that good with
other countries. But it does not only have positive aspects..also the
disadvantages have to be noticed i regard to to this topic.
Economic
integration and free trade conditions have produced an unstoppable
movement towards economic globalization. Most economists applaud the trend,
pointing to the modernization and growing wealth that have resulted. But many
countries have been forgotten or have even been harmed by globalization.
So what have been the positive and negative effects of this globalization
trend?
First of all the
principal cause and effect of globalization is international trade, which
has expanded substantially. A growing trade has often been followed by higher
economic growth, although not in all cases. For example: Annual growth rates of
GDP in East and Southeast Asia were 6-8 and in Latin America and
Sub-Saharan Africa they averaged less than half a percent per year.
On the other hand
there is the unemployment effect. While growing trade has generall created more
jobs, the parallel growth in competition has forced many companies to fire
their workers in order to cut costs, boost efficiency and increase
profits. Especially some less-developed countries had to deal with this
negative effect. China, which has experienced a
strong economic growth in the last years, has begun to
struggle with unemployment, particularly in urban areas. So it becomes obvious
that globalization is also accompied by negative aspects.
Another point
which should be considered when talking about globalization is the income
distribution. Experts suggest that the increased trade between North and South
has reduced income inequality among skilled and semi-skilled workers in the
South . On the other hand it has increased the inequality among such
workers in the North. This is because manufactured exports from the South raise
demand and wages for workers with only limited skills and education. But the
effect in the North is the opposite. There the service and technology
industries pay top wages to highly skilled workers but have little use for
semi-skilled labor.
There are a lot of
other fields where it becomes clear that globalization is followed by a
lot of advantages, but also disadvantages. Overall it can be said that
globalization appears to have deepened inequalities in the international
distribution of income.
IMPACT OF GLOBALIZATION IN RURAL AND
URBAN SETTING
The
impact globalization has divided into main two parts such as positive impact
and negative impact in developing countries like Tanzania. And these two parts
explained in rural setting and Urban setting as follows :-
RURAL SETTING
The following are the positive
impact of globalization on Rural setting in Tanzania:-
Emergence and development of health
services in rural areas.
Before 1990 Tanzania had no policy of health in rural areas. But after that
period, health services policies introduced in 1990 and 2003 whereby as the
impact of globalization spread in Tanzania. The main objective of health
policies in Tanzania is “to improve the health and well-being of all Tanzanians
with a focus on those most risk and encourage the health system to be more
responsible to the need of people”, Also
promote adequate nutrition, and control diseases in rural areas. In order to
look the well-being of the rural setting government proposed a policy of
building health centre and dispensaries all villages in Tanzania. Due to that
policy, now days there is a lote of medical centre under private sectors which
provide easily to the rural people, (Msambichaka, Mwamba and Mashindano, 2006).
Development of agriculture
activities. Through
globalization, influencing the development and improvement of agricultural
substitute whereby used to increase production of crops. Globalization through
aspect of free trade increases competition on production of crops which
resulting to the government of Tanzania to insist Tanzanians farmers to
increase production under the policy of “KILIMO KWANZA”, a policy of President
Dr. J. M. Kikwete. So, due to existence of “KILIMO KWANZA” people are being
encouraged to produce enough so as to compete with other countries all over the
world. Therefore, the development of agriculture production through the use of
mechanized tools like Tractors, Caterpillars, and modern fertilizers increases
crops which lead to improve life of rural people in Tanzania. et al.
Development of information and
communication technology.
Globalization helping the rural people to communicate with other people in
other parts of the world through telephone line such as Vodacom, Airtell, Tigo
and Zantel which existed in most rural areas all over the country. Also they
use internet to see how other people are producing their crops and which
technology being used, also they communicate with others through watching
television and radios by using digital system. So, de to the existence of
communication among Tanzania increases knowledge on production activities and
finding outside markets. Taking Radio Free Africa as, they have program of
“ZINDUKA” in Saturday evening which explaining much on how to increase
production of crops and livestock keeping in Tanzania. Et al.
Fighting against rural poverty
through Rural finance.
Due to penetration of globalization ideas in Tanzania, rural people are
encouraging to form a small group of people of not more than 400 members and
they contributing so as to upgrade the well-being of the group, (Msambichaka,
Mwamba, and Mashindano, 2006). The names of groups based on financial is called
SACCOS whereby Tanzania Government through “MKUKUTA” policy of reducing poverty
under President J. M. Kikwete, allowed to give loans called “MABILIONI YA
KIKWETE” those group which has been organized and formed. Thereafter given that
loan as a group SACCO’s member advised to request loans from that SACCOS so as
to reduce the level of poverty in rural setting of Tanzania, (Speech of
President Jakaya M. Kikwete, October, 2010 during election campaigns in Njombe
Town).
Advancement of Transport and
communication system.
Up to the early of 1980’s the level of development of Transport system was poor
compared to now days under Globalization period. Most of roads during that time
were for seasonally especially during dry season. But after penetration of
globalization ideas in Tanzania, now day’s rural areas have been built
permanent roads which passed every season. This transport system help rural
people to transport they crops from rural areas to industrial areas like Dar es
salaam. For example, a road from Bukoba-Mwanza to Dar es salaam has been built
and complete in 2011, which help people to transport goods, and their crops
easily. Et al.
Through trade liberalization and
free markets economy, globalization has stimulated much the utilization of natural
resources. These
are many companies which are investing in natural resources such as mining
companies at Mwadui, Geita, Nzega and Kahama gold mining. Presence of these
foregn companies enables Tanzania to tilize resources for the development of
her people including rural areas.
The following are the negative
impact of Globalization in Rural setting:-
Distraction of culture. Globalization through the use of
internet, watching television movies and various film from Western countries
including United States of America, people living in rural areas decide to cope
the life style of western people which resulting to the distraction of
Tanzanians rural culture. For example, for now day’s people have no time to
seat with their grandparents so as to learn how when they are young people
fighting for life and how they speeded they culture previous period, that’s why
it is a normal issue for a young person to stay without greeting those aged
people. This is quit difference with rural culture which existed previous time
whereby people lived as organ, (Bukagile, G. R, 2008).
The rise of individualism in rural
areas and distraction of Extended family. Due to existence of globalization in Tanzania, now days
people have no unite, peace and harmony as existed previous in rural areas in
Tanzania. This is because of coping western living style and implementing to
their society especially rural setting. People live as individual, and the
problem of an individual being solved by him/ her within nuclear family. This
situation influencing the distraction of extended family where people lived as
single family and welcoming Nuclear family which characterizing by high level
of individualism. Et al.
Increase of corruption in rural. Globalization goes hand in hand
with free trade whereby people are allowed to trade in any area. Leaders who
are the controller of rural development program they take it as advantages
whereby they involve on corruption so as to defend the interest of individual
but not whole society. People are committing on corruption because there is no
laws which abide them to involve on corruption and trading through free trade.
This is quit difference during “Arusha Declaration” whereby leaders had not
allowed involving on trading. The impact of it is failure of various program
including “KILIMO KWANZA” and “MKUKUTA” in Tanzania especially rural areas.
This had been proved by the president of Tanzania Dr. Jakaya Mlisho Kikwete
during meeting between him and Journalist in Dar es salaam few days before
Tanzania Election of 2010 in Diamond Jubilee. Et al.
High degree of poverty in rural. Globalization goes hand in hand
with development of computerization, whereby a lot of work which had been
performed by a large number of people in a certain office, now days is performing
by machine or computer. The impact of it is unemployment to large number of
people living in rural areas and increasing level of poverty. Also in
agricultural production tools like tractors replacing a large number of human
labour, and also the use of harvest machine reducing the large number of
labours who required harvesting, hence large number of people remain
unemployed. Also on other side now days rural areas are areas where investors
investing and take large poison of land as a result people remain landless
which lead them to be poor. Et al
Poor marketing of crops. Even though we are era dominated
by globalization through advancement of science and technology, the level of
technology applying on production of crops are very low compared to other country
like developed country. These lead to low quality and poor production of crops
in Tanzania rural setting which impacting to poor market. For example, in
Tunduru-Ruvuma region, Mtwara and Lindi up to the present they have not sold
their cash crops, this is because of poor quality of production and creation
poor marketing system in the World Market. Also crops produced by rural people,
price of market are planned by World Market Centre, and not a farmer of rural
Tanzania to plan what price they want to sell. Et al
URBAN SETTING
The following are the positive
impact of globalization on Urban setting introduced by Bukagile, G. R, (2008):-
High availability of social services. Development of globalization goes
hand in hand with the development of urbanization whereby becoming the center
of social services. Various traders are investing within a country and abroad
investing on social services like education, electricity and health services
whereby they built hospital. In education now days most of private and public
university build in urban areas where they think have high demand compared to
rural areas. This is due to large number of people living in urban
setting. These investment influencing
high levels of availabilities of social services in urban areas in the cities
including Dar es salaam, and Mwanza.
Globalization creating employment. Through investment people got
employments opportunities whereby help them to improve standard of living
people in urban setting. For example, foregn companies like vodacom, Airtell,
Zantel and Tigo hove employed sousand of Tanzanias which help them to improve
standard of living people in urban setting.
Introduction of International laws
in Tanzania.
A contemporary state like Tanzania makes laws which comply with international
laws and therefore it abides with them in such a way that it can no longer
mistreat her citzen the way it wishes. Issues like human rights, social
justices are part of Tanzania constitution, by laws and statutes which
effectively started to be used in Tanzania from 1978. and most of courts and
advocates are present in urban setting whereby they provide services to the
client.
The following are the negative
impact of globalization in urban setting:-
Undermined native languages. Now days people living in urban
areas has been affected by Kiswahili language whereby they use it as a language
of communication all over Tanzania. Vernaculars language like Yao, nyamwezi,
Sukuma and Zaramo language are despairing day to day because of tendencies of
urban people to speak Kiswahili language and forgetting their local languages.
For example, Dar es salaam urban the origin of that area are Zaramo tribe, but
it is difcult to listen people’s living their to speak Zaramo language. Also
people in urban areas they use English language as a sign to be civilized as
outcome of globalization. This is uded most especially educated people,
Increase of migration from rural to
urban. Due to
poor services available in rural areas, now days people living in rural areas
decide to migrate from rural to urban so as to be near with services. Also some
people migrate to urban so as to search for employment because in urban areas
is the areas where investment is high. The impact of it is high population in
urban areas and course unemployment to peoples who living in urban.
Moral erosion. Due to development of globalization
through the use of internet, television, watching movies and film people
changing the way of behaving. Now days in urban areas moral has been decay and
influenced emergence of behavior like drug abuse, homosexual, violence,
prostitution, robbery, raping, and other behavior bright by a Globalization as
a result high spread of disease.
Unemployment. Globalization influenced people to
move from rural to urban areas.
Effects of globalisation in Tanzania culture?
- Expansion of communication
devices i.e using mobile phones and computer technology
- Introduction of new subjects to
the Tanzanian curriculum e.g ICT
- Expansion of social evils
- Erosion of culture
- redundancy of workers
THE EFFECTS OF
GLOBALIZATION ON AFRICAN CULTURE AND EDUCATION.
Globalization or
often called urban migration, has created rigid cultural traditions and
education for Africans.During the colonial and the post colonial era,most
African cultures and education which has been preserved for generations
continued to shine.However those traditional cultures are prevented from facing
extinction due globalization .It was predicted that by the year 2000,half of
the world pouplation will be living in big towns and cities regardless of their
earnings or congested living conditions.Those predictions are now becoming a
reality.In Africa globalization has become something that has to be done if one
wants to survive.Globalization also named by Radical African economist as
"the African Disease" is also another source of economic platform for
many Africans especially those who migrated to the Americas and Europe.
Globalization in Africa has both political and economic reason.The political
part is based on the frequent wars which has forced many people to migrate to
other parts of the countinent for their own security.The second side of the
story is based on economic reasons.As the cost of living gets high and the land
to farm on are no longer fertile enough for argricultural purposes,indigenous
young men and women who traditionally work on these farms are left with no
option but to migrate to big cities and towns for survival.The most important
part of the situation is, the people in question here end up working and
earning for better living conditions
These skillful citizens when they to meet their needs in the densely populated
areas in big towns and cities usually never return back to the villages to
continue on their trade.The more the indigenous African people migrate the more
of their cultutures they either get lost or completely had it over run by the
western civilization.The traditional farming system or the traditional cultural
life in all its form is very fragile as migration continues to big cities and
towns.First in big cities there is no land for a traditional farmer who all in
his life has been farming in forest.As a result they could not farm in big
cities where every thing is almost done by machines.The rich family traditions
which the younger generation always learn from farming to active life style
could not be done in big cities or towns.This has affected the traditional life
of Africans.
Globalization has also affected the traditional education of Africans.In some
big cities where the traditional African educational system has almost become
impossible,conditions are growing worst since the elderly who should be
teaching are themselves westernized due to migrating to big cities and
towns.The situation has left the younger generation in the dark with no
future.The normadic life style which could only be done in the villages and
small towns are also being affected by globalization.
The Quaranic schools where young children are taught in the traditional way are
also impossible in some cities where almost every child attends westernized
school schools.Many Africans also believed that African children learn better
in the rural areas than big towns and cities.So children who are forced to
migrate to the cities are also forced to forsake their rich traditional
cultures.However Globalization is not bad as it is seen by many people.It has
perfected the Western Education in some countries and for those who
globalization has forced to finally settle in Europe and the Americas,brings in
new ideas and techenics for a better living condition.
Since Globalization cannot be stopped,the governments and the international
communities around the world should make sure that it is done properly for the
interest of the normadic and indigenous people who never want to be displaced
but would like to share their ideas and opinion with family members and friends
who has been on the run due to globalization. Untile the day when every one
will stay at home for better life, Globalization must be to balance the economy
of the working class of the modern world.
