4.1.0 Crises in the capitalist system
4.1.1 The First World War
Causes of the First World War - Assassination of Archduke Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary, Moroccan Crisis between France and Britain, dissatisfaction with British dominance of colonies, triple alliance of Russia/Britain/France and triple entity of Italy/Germany/Austria-Hungary, Belgian anger about the Boers in South Africa, failure of powers to agree on control of colonial land
4.1.2 The Great Depression
Great Depression (1929-1939) - A period of profound worldwide economic crisis which ended with the beginning of World War II. It began with the crash of the American stock market in 1929
4.1.3 The Second World War
Why did decolonization/nationalism gain momentum after the Second World War - Weakened economic and military strength of Britain, France and Germany, European powers were dependent upon the USA for economic rebuilding (Marshall Plan), African soldiers began to demand freedom/self-determination/democracy, Pan-Africanism began to take hold, USA supported decolonization, British Labour party opposed colonialism (took power in 1945), success of other countries like India/Pakistan/Burma in achieving independence
4.2.0 Nationalism and decolonization
4.2.1 Nationalism in Africa
Reasons why the dream of a united Africa has not been realized - Lack of unity among countries, political instability, selfishness among leaders, colonial legacy, intertribal hatred, different levels of economic development, environmental problems, small countries fear big countries will dominate, competition among leaders (i.e. Nyerere and Nkrumah)
The presence of Makerere University formed a part of regional intellectual elite in East Africa
4.2.2 The rise of social and welfare associations
Roles of welfare associations, religious movements and cooperative societies in the struggles for independence in East Africa - Promoted unity among various ethnic groups, acted as training schools for East African leaders, raised awareness and consciousness among the colonized, laid foundations for political parties, provided social services that Europeans did not provide
4.2.3 The rise of protest and religious movements
Early (Proto) Nationalism (1900-1940) - The first phase of the development of protest movements in Africa
Characteristics of early nationalism - Arose as a result of colonial exploitation and oppression, influenced by the Pan-African Conference, generally lacked unity among protest groups
Role played by welfare, peasant associations and tribal organizations in gaining independence - Brought unity among tribes, awareness was raised, gave a forum for discussion, gave moral and material support, was a stepping stone towards successful nationalism
Modern (Proper) Nationalism (1945-1990) - The last phase of the development of protest movements in Africa which resulted in majority independence for African states
4.2.4 The rise of mass nationalism and political parties in Africa
Factors affecting the rise of nationalism in Africa -
Internal - Grievances with colonial rule (exploitation, oppression, poor services, lack of power, land alienation, taxation, cattle confiscation)
External - Europeans were looking to reform colonial rule in Africa (contribution by the USA/USSR after WWII), former soldiers, independence of Pakistan and India (1947)
Role played by the nationalist parties in the struggle for independence in Africa - Created unity among people, preparing people for self-government, helped peasants get better prices for their crops, demanding representation in legislation, opposed governments land alienation policies
List of nationalist parties - Convention Peoples Party (CPP), Tanganyika African National Union (TANU), KANU, FRELIMO, ANC
Reasons for the outbreak of the Chimurenga war in Southern Rhodesia by the Shona and Ndebele - Land alienation, forced labour, harsh treatment, taxation policies, interference with Shona trade with the Portuguese, desire for freedom, destruction of culture, cattle confiscation
Problems which faced Uganda during nationalistic struggles - Tribalism, religious tensions, regionalism, uneven distribution of education, class division, many opposition parties
4.2.5 Decolonization through constitutional means
Nonviolent Decolonization - Decolonization through the uses of negotiation (talking, parliamentary means, demonstrations, petitions, boycotts) against colonial rule which were usually done by the elite political leaders (ex JK Nyerere, Kwame Nkrumah, Leopard Senghor, Kenneth Kaunda, etc)
Tanganyika achieved Independence earlier than Kenya and Uganda because it was a trusteeship
4.2.6 Decolonization through armed struggle
Factors that prolonged the struggle to eliminate apartheid/gain independence/get majority rule in South Africa - Prohibition of nationalist movements, lack of financial resources to support nationalist movements, white settlers controlled the economy, foreign support of Apartheid to suppress the spread of communism, large number of white settlers in the country, use of force and violence to suppress anti-apartheid movements i.e. Soweto Massacre and Sharpeville Massacre, weak support from neighbouring countries, multinational companies invested in mines/plantations/industry, ethnic and tribal
divisions, possession of Namibia by the South Africa regime provided a safe place to wage war from, lack of serious support from the UN/USA due to fears of communism spreading, lack of political awareness among South Africans
4.2.7 Decolonization through revolution
Revolution - An armed struggle by a large group within the society against the colonial government
Case Study of Revolution - Zanzibar
Zanzibar Revolution - A 19th century battle that lasted about 45 minutes but demonstrated the iron fist of the pre-colonial European colonial powers in East Africa
Leader of the Zanzibar Revolution - John Okello (from Uganda)
Causes of the Zanzibar Revolution - Exploitation of the population to grow cloves, economic difficulties faced by Zanzibaris, grievances between different Arab groups in Zanzibar, land allocation
Zanzibar Independence - Zanzibar received its independence from the British on December 10th, 1963
4.3.0 Changes in political, social and economic policies in Africa after independence
4.3.1 Changes in political, ideological and administrative systems
Political changes in African states since the 1980s resulted from internal and external forces - Internal: National unity and integrity, constitutional changes, colonial legacy External: End of cold war, role of USA and USSR, non-alignment movement
4.3.2 Changes in economic development policies and strategies
Reasons Tanzania created and kept a policy of self-reliance and socialism (1967) - Kagera War 1978/1979, oil crisis of 1973/1974, misuses of public funds, drought
Neo-colonialism operates politically through the IMF and World Bank in the form of grants and loans
4.3.3 Provision of education in Africa after independence
Changes in provision of education after independence - Expansion in the numbers of higher education institutions, new curriculums and syllabuses, training of new teachers, Africanization of educational system and topics, less control by missionaries of the education system (secularization)
Weaknesses of the educational system after independence - Quality of education was reduced (due to shortage of experienced teachers), corruption in the education system, poorly written examinations (or widespread cheating), neglecting vocational education, literacy levels remain low, lack of employment after finishing education
4.3.4 Changes in the provision of health services
Changes in the provision of health services - Doctors/nurses were trained, hospitals and dispensaries were built, vaccination programs began (small box, sleeping sickness, leprosy)
Problems in the provision of health services - Not enough doctors/nurses, lack of hospitals/dispensaries, lack of proper training of medical personnel, lack of family planning services, low protein intake leads to malnutrition and resistance to disease, services are unevenly distributed (found in towns and not in rural areas), qualified doctors move to other countries, lack of clean water, lack of focus on health care by the government
4.3.5 Changes in the provision of water services
(Not found in exams)
4.3.6 Changes in the provision of housing
Problems in provision of housing - Lack of funds, lack of employment, lack of running water, not a high priority for the government, severe shortage of low rent houses
4.3.7 Establishment of national military and national legal institutions
(Not found in exams)
4.3.8 Problems hindering development in Africa after independence
Problems faced by Nigeria since its independence - Tribalism, military coups, poverty, HIV/malaria, unemployment, corruption, regionalism, oil
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4.4.0 Africa in international affairs
4.4.1 Continental cooperation
Role of the OAU in the decolonization of Africa - Coordinated opposition to colonial rule, assisted leaders who were the targets of assassinations, allowed countries under colonial rule to air grievances and to condemn them openly
4.4.2 African regional cooperation
Explain the objectives of the newly reestablished East African community - Economic integration between East African countries, unity among East African countries, free movement of goods and people
4.4.3 Africa in International affairs
Why the USA changed its isolation policy towards colonialism - Wanted private enterprise from America to enter colonies without political interference from Europeans, rise of the USA as a global power
Benefits gained by members of the Commonwealth - Economic relations, diversified economies, inclusion in global economy, better trade arrangements, peace/stability, commitments to human rights
Notable failures of the UN is its inability to control the actions of big powers, prevent genocide, nuclear proliferation
5.1.0 Definitions
Anthropologist - Studies the history of human culture and development
Archaeologist - Studies remains to learn about events from the past
Assegai - Ngoni short stabbing spears first adopted by East African Societies
Assimilation - A policy aimed at promoting the French language, culture and work ethic in French colonies to weaken African resistance and strengthen their rule in the colonies
COMESA (Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa) - Free trade agreement between 19 countries in Africa, formed in 1994
Devonshire White Paper - Declared officially in 1923 that in Kenya, the concerns of Africans were "paramount", even when they conflicted with the needs of whites
Dynasty - Family of rulers in which the right to rule passes within the family from father to children
Feudalism - A system in which kings and noblemen hold territory that is granted to peasants or serfs, in Africa during the interlucastrine period it was private ownership of land and cattle
FRELIMO - Group that fought for independence of Mozambique from Portugal from 1964-1975
HABITAT - United Nations agency responsible for human settlement
History - Human activities against nature and production relations are fully understood through this subject
IBEACO - British East Africa Company, founded in 1886 by William Macknon
Indirect Rule - Used by the British in West Africa and Uganda by using traditional African institutions to manage the affairs of colonized peoples such as local chiefs
International African Association - Launched by King Leopold to spearhead the colonization of the Congo in 1876
Kayamaghan - The title given to the King of Ghana meaning “Master of Gold”
Koumbi Saleh - Found in modern day Mauritania, was the former capital of the Ghana Empire destroyed in 1076 by Berber raiders
Liberia and Sierra Leone - Settlements of freed slaves
Lukiko - The Kabaka’s council and court of appeal in the Buganda Kingdom of Uganda
Matrilineal - A system where people trace their ancestors and inherit property through mothers
Microlith - Smaller, refined stone tools made by man during the Middle Stone Age
Monarchy - A political system by which a king or queen occupies a throne
Monetization - Changing from a barter economy to one based on the use of money
Moresby Treaty - Made it illegal to sell slaves from East Africa to Christian countries
Myths - Traditional stories about the past
Nationalist Parties - Parties formed by Africans during colonialism with the aim of fighting colonialism in order to gain political independence
Native Authority Ordinance of 1921 - Segregation act in South Africa which preceded Apartheid
Neolithic Revolution - Entailed domestication of plants and animals, occurred in the Late Stone Age
NEPAD - A political and economic programme which aims at promoting democracy, stability, good governance and economic development in Africa
Non-Alignment Movement - Main aim was to balance the influence of the two superpowers
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Oral Tradition - Historical information is passed on by word of mouth from generation to generation
Preservation - A policy used by the British in the establishment of the colonial economy which aimed to retain some pre-colonial African structure/elements
Resistance - A phenomenon of hostility whereby societies react against imposition of colonial rule
SADC (Southern African Development Community) - Goal is to further economic and social cooperation and integration among southern African countries
Slave Trade - Transaction of buying and selling humans as commodities
Soweto Massacre - The event which marked the end of peaceful protests by African nationalists in South Africa in 1976
The Commonwealth - A worldwide association of countries that were once colonies of Britain who share common commitments to promoting human rights, democracy and economic development
The Dutch East India Company - The first trading company which set a regular supply station at the cape.
Transatlantic Slave Trade (Triangular Slave Trade) - Trade between Americas, Europe and Africa exchanging goods, raw materials and slaves
Treaty of Ucciali - Treaty in 1889 by King Melenik of Ethiopia ceding land to Italy which is now Eritrea
Treaty of Versailles - Treaty signed in Paris France in 1919 between Allied powers and Germany ending World War I
Ubugabire - An exploitative relation between the cattle owning Tutsi and Hutu agriculturalists in Rwanda
Ujamaa Villages - Tanzanian attempt to increase food production and cash crops
UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization) - Responsible for literacy, historical sites, and culture
UNHCR (United Nations High Commission for Refugees) - United Nations agency responsible for refugees
Voortekker - The Boer’s exodus from the cape
Zijanthropus - Had massive teeth which were used for grinding food, early ancestor of man from the Early Stone Age
5.2.0 People
Abeid Aman Karume - Architect of the union between Zanzibar and Tanganyika
Alafin - Title given to the King of the Oyo Empire in West Africa
Anwar Sadat - Former President of Egypt, assassinated in 1981
Berber - Merchants provided capital and arranged caravans across the Sahara Desert
Cecil Rhodes - Founder of Rhodesia and the DeBeers diamond company, believed strongly in imperialism and colonialism. Wanted the British Empire to go from Cairo to Cape Town
Dr John Robert Moffat - Worked as a missionary in Rabai among the Ndebele, facilitated treaty between IBEACO and King Lobengula in South Africa
Dr. David Livingstone - Opened up Africa to the British through his first and second journeys to Africa, missionary
Dr. Louis Leakey - Discovered the skull of Dryopithecus on Rusinga Island in 1959
Eduardo Mondlane - First President of Mozambique under FRELIMO, was assassinated in 1969
Francisco D’Almeida - Lead the Portuguese conquest of East Africa coast in 1505
Ghana Empire - Destroyed by Berber raiders, lasted from 790-1076
Hehe Chiefdom - An example of militarized centralized state in South-Central Tanzania
Henry Morton Stanley - Found Dr. David Livingstone at Ujiji to assure the British Empire that Livingstone was still collecting data for the imperialists
Henry the Navigator - Portuguese prince who was responsible for the beginning of European worldwide exploration
Kabaka - The title given to the king of Buganda
Karl Peters - Head of the German East Africa Company which was formed in 1884 to control German affairs in Tanganyika
King Solomoni - Started the Ethiopian Empire in the 4th century
Kingdom of Luba - Pre-colonial African kingdom in south-eastern Congo from 1585-1889
Kingdom of Lunda - Pre-colonial African kingdom in south-western Congo from 1665-1887
Kinjekitile Ngwale - Kolelo priest at Ngarambe who told people that his magic water would protect them from European bullets, mobilized followers against Germans before the Maji Maji war
Kwame Nkrumah - First President of Ghana, early leader of Pan-Africanism
Mkwawa - Hehe tribal leader who opposed German rule in Tanzania
Mutapa - Kingdom which lasted from 1430-1760 in modern day Zimbabwe and Mozambique, builders of Great Zimbabwe
Mzilikazi - Founded Matabele Kingdom, died in 1868
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Nok culture - Appeared around 1000BC and vanished around 200AD in central Nigeria, had advanced social system/arts
Ogun - The Yoruba/Nigerian god of iron
Othman Dan Fodio, Alhaj Omar, Ahmed Seku - Formed big Empires like Mandika and Sokoto Caliphate during the Jihad war in East Africa
Otto von Bismarck - Chaired the Berlin conference of 1884/1885
Patrice Lumumba - Former president of Congo-Kinshasa who was the first president assassinated in post-colonial Africa in 1961
Pierre De Brazza - French explorer who opened up Central Africa for French colonization north of the Congo River in Republic of Congo and Gabon
Pombeiros - Early traders in Angola and Congo who obtained slaves
Samora Machel - Former President of Mozambique, assassinated in 1986
Samori Toure - Creator of an Islamic state called the Wassoulou Empire in West Africa, resisted French for a long period of time
Shaka Zulu - United Nguni people to form the Zulu kingdom. Born in 1787. Died in 1828.
Sir Charles Elliot - First British governor of Kenya, stressed the establishment of a settler economy
Sir D. Cameron - British governor of Tanganyika who was resisted by Tanganyikans
Sultan Seyyid Said - Moved his capital from Muscat to Zanzibar in 1840, died in 1856
Sylvanus Olympio - Former President of Togo, assassinated in 1963
The Khoikhoi - The earliest inhabitants of the cape
Vasco De Gama - Rounded the cape of Good Hope and entered the Indian Ocean in 1497
5.3.0 Dates
1487 - Bartholomew Diaz passes the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa
1497 - Vasco Da Gama reaches India, sent by Henry the Navigator of Portugal
1498 - Christopher Columbus discovers the sea route to America
1503 - Zanzibar attacked by the Portuguese
1505 - Portuguese explorer Francisco D’Almeida subdued Kilwa, Sofala and Mombasa
1507 - Mozambique becomes the headquarters of the Portuguese in East Africa
1580 - Sir Francis Drake became the first British man to round the cape
1593 - Fort Jesus is built by the Portuguese in Mombasa
1652 - Jan van Riebeeck establishes a Dutch post at the Cape of Good Hope
1698 - Capture of Fort Jesus by Arabs, Portuguese lose the fort
1698 - Zanzibar comes under control of the Sultan of Oman, Portuguese are defeated
1700 - The end of Portuguese dominance in East Africa
1776 - American Independence
1789 - French Revolution
1800 - Coming of the Ngoni to East Africa
1807 - The British passed a law which abolished the slave trade by its subjects
1822 - A settlement for several thousands freed slaves was founded at Monrovia, Liberia
1822 - Moresby Treaty discussed
1840 - Sultan of Oman moves his capital from Muscat to Zanzibar
1846 - Johann Krapf opened the first mission station at Rabai in Mombasa
1859 - Darwin proposes the theory of evolution through natural selection
1870/1871 - Franco-Prussian war
1871 - Henry Stanley finds Dr. Livingstone near Lake Tanganyika
1873 - Slave market closed in Zanzibar
1875 - Discovery of gold in South Africa
1876 - International African Association is created by King Leopold to develop the Congo Free State
1879 - End of slave trade in East Africa, replaced with normal trade
1884/1885 - Berlin Conference, aimed to prevent war between Europeans over African colonies
1885 - Start of German East Africa
1890 - Beginning of British rule in Zanzibar
1890 - Helgoland treaty between British and Germans for control of Zanzibar by the British
1893 - Death of Isike
1896/1897 - Chimurenga War in Southern Rhodesia by Shona and Ndebele tribes
1900 - Buganda Agreement
1900 - The War of the Golden Stool (Ashanti Uprising) in Ghana by the Ashanti tribe against British rule
1907 - Uganda Railway reached Lake Victoria
1917 - Russian Revolution
1919 - End of German colonial rule of East Africa due to their loss in WWI
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1919 - Formation of the League of Nations due to the end of WWI
1919 - Formation of the Nazi party in Germany
1920 - Bataka Movement and the Young Buganda Association started in Uganda
1921 - Founding of African National Congress (ANC)
1921 - Young Kikuyu Organization was formed
1922 - Formation of Tanganyika Territory Civil Servant Association (TTCSA)
1922 - Tanganyika African Civil Service Association (TTACSA) was founded by Martin Kayamba in Tanga
1923 - Devonshire white paper released
1929 - Great Depression begins with the stock market crash
1929 - Tanganyika Africa Association (TAA) is formed
1939 - Italians were defeated by Ethiopia under Emperor Menelik II
1945 - Dr. Kwame Nkurumah at the Manchester Conference first proposes an African union
1945 - End of World War 2
1945 - World Bank opens
1946 - Burns Constitution (Gold Coast Constitution) is written in Ghana, Africans allowed into legislature
1947 - Independence of India and Pakistan
1947 - Marshall Plan started which was introduced to rebuild the European economy after WWII
1947 - Sukuma Development Scheme commences
1948 - Apartheid policy was officially announced in South Africa
1948 - The national party in South Africa won and gave the Afrikaners complete political power
1952 - Jomo Kenyatta is arrested, becomes 1st Prime Minister/President of Kenya in 1963/1964
1954 - Birth of Tanganyika African National Union (TANU)
1954 - Mkwawa’s head was returned from Germany
1957 - Independence of Ghana under Dr. Kwame Nkrumah
1959 - Dr. Louis Leakey discovered the skull of Dryopithecus on Rusinga Island
1960 - The Sharpeville massacre in South Africa
1962 - Uganda got partial independence, flag independence, not yet real independence
1963 - End of British colonial rule in Zanzibar, left the Sultan of Oman as the Head of State
1963 - Formation of OAU in Addis Ababa
1964 - Armed struggle started in Mozambique by FRELIMO
1964 - Jan 12, revolution of Zanzibar began
1965 - Unilateral Declaration of Independence (UDI) in Southern Rhodesia (Zimbabwe) under Ian Smith
1967 - Policies of socialism and self-reliance are introduced to Tanzania
1969 - Suez Canal was opened
1973/1974 - Oil crisis
1974/1975 - Guinea-Bissau, Mozambique and Angola gain independence from Portugal
1975 - Angolan civil war begins
1976 - Soweto Massacre in South Africa
1980s - Introduction of SAP (Structural Adjustment Programmes) in Tanzania
1982 - Tanzania adopts National Economic Survival Program
1989 - Collapse of the Soviet Union and Soviet Bloc
1990 - Nelson Mandela released from Robben Island
1992 - Introduction of multi party system in Tanzania
1994 - Genocide in Rwanda
1994 - Nelson Mandela becomes President of South Africa
1994 - The first election in South Africa and South Africa becomes an independent state
1995 - Commonwealth Ministerial Action Group (CMAG) was formed
2001 - The OAU changed to the African Union
Time Periods
15th century - Slave trade was first introduced in West Africa
1834-1854 - Boer Trek
1885-1919 - Period of German colonial rule in East Africa
1895-1905 - Nandi Rebellion
1891-1898 - Hehe resistance
1905-1907 - Maji Maji Rebellion
1914-1918 - World War 1
1929-1940 - Great Depression (Great Economic Crisis)
1939-1945 - World War 2
1952-1960 - Mau Mau war begins
19th century - Slave trade spreads to East Africa
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