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Wednesday, August 6, 2014
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Saturday, August 2, 2014
POLAR AND TUNDRA REGIONS -----ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES
POLAR AND TUNDRA Environmental Issues
Advantages | Disadvantages |
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POLAR AND TUNDRA REGIONS----- PEOPLE
PEOPLE
Only a few thousands people
live in the tundra regions. The Inuit
live in northern Canada, Greenland and Alaska. The Lapps (or Sami) herd reindeer in northern Scandinavia in an area
nicknamed Lapland.
To help them survive in the cold, stormy weather, they had to wear thick, warm clothes like coats and salopettes (trousers) which are waterproof and have fur inside to insulate them.
Their boots had special tennis racket-like soles so their body weight was spread out and they didn't sink in the soft snow.
Despite it being freezing, the sun is always shining so the Inuits had to wear tinted goggles and a mask to stop them going snow blind.
Today, many Inuit dress in modern clothes. Some have motor-powered snowmobiles and live in homes made of modern materials. Some homes have: electricity, double-glazed windows and telephones. Heated houses have to be built on stilts so that the permafrost does not thaw. If it did, the ground would give way. Water pipes are insulated and run above ground to stop them freezing.
Modern foods and other goods are flown into the towns to be sold in supermarkets so living costs are now high. Imported food has created health problems for the Inuit as it is rich in carbohydrates and sugar not found in their traditional diet
POLAR AND TUNDRA REGIONS---- PLANTS
PLANTS
The plants growing in the tundra are often small and grow close to the ground:
Many plants have dark red leaves so they can absorb as much heat from the sun in the cold tundra climate as possible.
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POLAR AND TUNDRA REGIONS ----- GEOGRAPHY
ANIMALS
POLAR AND TUNDRA REGIONS --- CLIMATE
CLIMATE
The polar regions are very cold because the Sun's rays are weakest at the North and South Pole.
Powerful, icy-cold winds blow throughout the year. Often the wind sweeps up powdery snow from the ground and swirls it around, causing cold blizzards. Very little new snow or rain falls as it is too cold for moisture to evaporate.
The wind chill can make the temperature appear even lower than it actually is. An actual temperature of -6oC, for example, would make it feel a bitterly cold -34oC when the effect of wind chill is added on. Temperatures as low as -50oC have even been recorded.
The ground in the Tundra regions around the edge of the Arctic stays frozen for nine months of the year. In
the summer months, only the surface thaws and deeper ground stays
frozen. This frozen layer is called permafrost. Melted snow cannot seep
through the permafrost so, in the summer, the surface of the tundra
lands becomes boggy. The landscape of the tundra is therefore a treeless plain covered with moss and some grass-like plants.
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POLAR AND TUNDRA REGIONS --- AREAS AND POSITION
Polar and Tundra Regions
The Arctic and Antarctic circles are lines of latitude going around the Earth that mark the outer limit of the two polar regions. They are found at 66oN and 66oS of the Equator.
Inside these circles, the tilt of the Earth causes long summer - and short winter - days to occur. At the
poles themselves, six months of unending sunlight alternate with a
six-month period of darkness. Many places within the Arctic circle are
nicknamed 'the Land of Midnight Sun' because the sun hardly ever disappears and it can be daylight for nearly 24 hours in the summer.
The night skies in the polar regions can be filled with gently rolling coloured lights. In the Arctic they are called the Aurora Borealis and in Antarctica they are called the Australis. They are formed as solar winds hit the Earth's magnetic field and release light particles.
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Thursday, July 31, 2014
DESERTS --- ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES
THE HOT DESERTS --- ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES
The desert areas are growing in size due to a process called desertification. This happens because:
As it becomes harder for people find food and water in the deserts, widespread famines and droughts can
occur. In Somalia in Africa, 2 million people were forced to leave
their homes and become refugees in the neighbouring country of Ethiopia
to survive a drought in 2011.
In Egypt, the Aswan High Dam was built in the early 1900s to provide irrigation for the local farmers and many people have built their own anti-sand shields to stop dunes from spreading.
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DESERTS ---- PEOPLE
THE HOT DESERTS
Only 5% of the world's people live in desert areas. Many live in groups or tribes and are nomads,
travelling from place to place in search of: food, water and fresh
grazing for their animals. Examples include the Bushman people living in
the Kalahari desert and the Bedouin nomads from Arabia.
Image Credit: Edward Wachtman
Others live in small, fertile areas called oases. Oases form around springs or well where people can settle permanently. In the Sahara and Arabian desert, the date palm is a major oasis crop. Its:
Many people live in round tents in the desert, called yurts. They are made by putting up felt and animal hides on a wooden frame.
Desert people have learnt ways to help them survive in the desert climate - they know which plants contain water and wear long, loose clothing to protect them from the heat and dust.
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DESERTS -- PLANTS
THE HOT DESERTS -----PLANTS
Those plants that do grow in deserts have special ways of surviving in the dry climate with very little water:
Many desert plants have long, shallow roots
which spread out over a wide area. The roots absorb any rain which
soaks into the ground. Their leaves are always very small, to minimise
water evaporation from their surfaces.
When it does rain, deserts are often scattered with bright flowers.
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