Q. Among the members of your society, there are some people who do not know their responsibilities. Using the knowledge you have learned inform them the responsibilities of good citizens.

Answer:

A citizen is a member of a community, state, or nation. Citizens have rights and responsibilities as family members, as students in a classroom and school, and as members of their community, state, and nation. Being  a   good  citizen  means:  following rules and laws  being responsible and respectful    helping others

 .A good citizen is one who properly fullfills his or her role as a citizen.

A good citizen is some who respects others and their property.

It is rightly said that, "the price of freedom is eternal vigilance."To be a good citizen, you have to be vigilant and fulfill your responsibilities with utmost sincerity and honesty. A citizen is described as a person who is a member of a particular country. The citizen of a country has rights granted to him by the constitution. He/she also has to take responsibilities and perform duties expected of him/her

We are all citizens of one country or the other. We acquire citizenship of our country generally by virtue of our birth. But to be a good citizen requires a lot of training and understanding. As the subject of a country, every citizen has some duties and he enjoys at the same time certain rights. All of us have a right to take part in the legislative as well as judicial activities of this country and can give free expression to our views and opinions from the platform and through the press.

A good citizen, therefore, is one who is always broad minded. He must, if living in India, consider himself an Indian first and anything else afterwards. He is ready even to shed his blood for the honour and glory of his country. A good citizen has the good of his country at heart. To raise his country to a higher level of civilization must be his aim. He must not forget that the future, no less than the present, is always lined with the past.

A good citizen must keep the welfare of his town or city or village foremost in his mind at the time of elections. He should understand the existing educational and other institutions of his country and make efforts to bring about desirable improvements. He must love his neighbours. He must be sympathetic, broad-minded and generous.

In this way, a good citizen should always be ready to forget and forgive. In a word, he should be a perfect gentleman.

He/she is helpful and considerate, willing to put others first.
He/she listens to the views of others and thinks about what they have to say.
He/she helps people who are not in a position to help themselves.
He/she respects the environment and does not damage it in anyway.
He/she works hard.
He/she is well mannered and pleasant.
He/she is always willing to learn.

Citizen's Responsibilities
The information given below should make you aware of basic responsibilities of a citizen of a country.

Obeying Laws
It is one of the most important responsibilities of a citizen. Laws are made to maintain harmony in the society and to make sure that rights of all the citizens are respected. The police and courts have the authority to penalize those who disobey the laws.

Paying Taxes
Paying taxes in a timely manner is one of the important responsibilities of citizens. It is necessary to pay taxes because money collected in the form of taxes is used for building and maintaining roads, schools, fire protection, etc. The different forms of taxes paid by citizens include the income tax, excise tax, property tax, sales tax, social security tax, etc. The federal taxes are used to fund the payments of federal judges, doctors, national park rangers, FBI agents, etc.

To Serve as a Juror
It is a right of a citizen in America, which gives him/her the privilege to serve as a juror. The 12 members of the jury need to hear the evidence presented during a trial and decide whether the defendant is guilty or not. Selection of the jury is made from a list of registered voters in a random manner. Unless the person in question provides a valid reason for not being available to serve as a jury, he/she can't turn away from this responsibility.

Registering for the Draft
It is a mandatory thing and the citizens who turn 18 years old have to register for the Selective Service. Currently, women are exempted from registering for the draft, hence, it is applicable only to men. A person who has registered for the Selective Service does not necessarily become a part of the army. If the government needs a larger armed force during the times of crisis, the Selective Service chooses from those who have registered.

Participating in the democratic Process
A citizen of a country is expected to participate in its democratic process. It helps strengthen the country as a whole when people actively participate in the proper functioning of democracy.

Staying Informed
A citizen should stay informed about what is happening around him/her. He/she should be aware of the issues faced by the people and society as a whole.

Additional Responsibilities of a Citizen
Other than the above mentioned responsibilities, citizens of a democratic country have to shoulder many other responsibilities voluntarily. In a democratic country, citizens are expected to participate actively in the regulation of the government. Constant support of the people and vigilance is needed for a democracy to function effectively. It is not enough to just vote and remain passive till the next presidential elections. Citizens need to give time and attention to see whether the government is functioning properly or not. They can also voice their opinions against the government and carry out demonstrations in a peaceful manner. People have the right to join political parties and campaign for them. Along with the aforementioned points, there are few more, which a responsible citizen should consider.

A responsible citizen is expected to defend the Constitution adopted by that country.
In times of crisis, citizens are expected to voluntarily take up the responsibility of defending their country.
It is important that a responsible citizen keeps himself informed of the governmental policies and functioning. One should at least have a basic understanding of the critical issues faced by the nation.
In Britain, it is expected that an adult must take care of and provide education to children below 16 years of age. Reporting to the police if need be is one of the responsibilities of British citizens.
In China, citizens are expected to obey the constitution, take efforts to maintain the integrity of the country, pay taxes and be ready to defend the country.
A citizen of Canada is expected to respect the nation's 2 official languages, English and French. Working hard in order to take the family's responsibility is one of the responsibilities of citizens in Canada. Protecting the environment and cultural heritage of the country is also one of the responsibilities of Canadian citizens.

The fundamental responsibilities or duties of citizens in different countries across the globe more or less remain the same. It is important that citizens perform their duties for the government to function properly. It is the collective responsibility of all citizens of a country to ensure smooth functioning of the government. Only the active participation of citizens allows to have an 'Active Democracy'. It would be brave to say that politicians are the reflection of the society they represent. However, the following quote by Thomas Jefferson suggests that it cannot be completely untrue. "The government you elect is government you deserve."

Q.Explain the different steps to be followed in the whole process of problem solving .

 Answer:

Problem solving is the mental process you follow when you have a goal but can’t immediately understand how to achieve it. It’s a process that depends on you – how you perceive a problem, what you know about it, and the end-state you want to reach.
Solving a problem involves a number of cognitive activities:

• ascertaining what the problem really is
• identifying the true causes of your problem and the opportunities for reaching your goal
• generating creative solutions to the problem
• evaluating and choosing the best solution, and
• implementing the best solution, then monitoring your actions and their results to ensure the problem is solved successfully

Clearly, problem solving isn’t a one-step process. Your success will depend on whether you approach and implement each of the stages effectively. The best way to do this is to use a well-established, systematic problem-solving model.

The six steps of problem solving

Problems vary widely, and so do their solutions. Sometimes a problem and its solution are clear, but you don’t know how to get from point A to point B. At other times, you may find it hard to define what’s wrong or how to fix it. Regardless of what a problem is, you can use a six-step problem-solving model to address it. This model is highly flexible and can be adapted to suit various types of problems. It also comes with a flexible set of tools to use at each step. The model is designed to be followed one step at a time, but you may find that some stages don’t require as much attention as others. This will depend on your unique situation.
The steps in the problem-solving model are as follows:

1. Define the problem – Defining the problem is a crucial step that involves digging deeper to identify what it is that needs to be solved. The more clearly a problem is defined, the easier you’ll find it to complete subsequent steps. A symptom is a phenomenon or circumstance that results from a deeper, underlying condition. It’s common to mistake symptoms for problems themselves – and so to waste a lot of time and effort on tackling consequences of problems instead of their causes. To define a problem, you can use gap analysis, which involves comparing your current state to the future state you want to be in, to identify the gaps between them.
2. Analyze the problem – You decide what type of problem it is – whether there’s a clear barrier or circumstance you need to overcome, or whether you need to determine how to reach a goal. You then dig to the root causes of the problem, and detail the nature of the gap between where you are and where you want to be. The five-why analysis is a tool that’ll help you get to the heart of the problem. Ask “Why?” a number of times to dig through each layer of symptoms and so to arrive at the problem’s root cause. You can get to the root of a more complicated problem using a cause-and-effect diagram. A cause is something that produces an effect, result, or consequence – or what contributed to the current state of affairs. Categories of causes include people, time, and the environment.
3. Identify as many potential solutions as you can – Brainstorm creatively – ask lots of questions about the who, what, where, when, and how of the causes to point to various possibilities. Don’t limit yourself by considering practicalities at this stage; simply record your ideas.
4. Choose the best solution – In evaluating your ideas, more options could present themselves. You could do this by rating each possible solution you came up with in step 3 according to criteria such as how effective it will be, how much time or effort it will take, its cost, and how likely it is to satisfy stakeholders.
5. Plan of action – During this step, you determine what steps must be taken, designating tasks where necessary. And you decide on deadlines for completing the actions and estimate the costs of implementing them. You also create a contingency plan in case of unforeseen circumstances so that if anything goes wrong with your plan, you have a “plan B” in place. Typically, this stage involves narrowing down the possible ways to implement the solution you’ve chosen, based on any constraints that apply. You also should draw up an action plan. The complexity of the plan will depend on the situation, but it should include the who, what, and when of your proposed solution.
6. Implement the solution – This is an ongoing process. You need to ensure the required resources remain available and monitor progress in solving the problem; otherwise, all the work you’ve done might be for nothing.

Remember that this model is highly adaptable. Although you shouldn’t skip any of the six steps, you can tailor the amount of time you spend on each stage based on the demands of your unique situation.
The six-step problem-solving model, and the tools it provides, is an effective, systematic approach to problem solving. By following each step consciously, you can ensure that generating solutions is a fact-driven, objective, and reliable process. It encourages you to dig deeper to the root cause, allows you to get input from others, to be creative when finding solutions, and to monitor your solutions to make sure they’re working. So by following this model you’re more likely to come up with good, original, lasting solutions.
To solve problems effectively, you need to use a good problem-solving model. The six-step model is a tried-and-tested approach. Its steps include defining a problem, analyzing the problem, identifying possible solutions, choosing the best solution, planning your course of action, and finally implementing the solution while monitoring its effectiveness.

Q. Outline the traditions and customs of Tanzanians which must be eradicated

ANSWER:

----Witchcraft

----Beliefs  in   spirits  and  Ancestors.

---Use   of  hands.

---Taking   photos

----Funeral  traditions

-----Killing  of  twins.

----Polygamy.

----Early  marriage  for  example  Zaramo , Zanzibaris.

----Inheriting  the  widow.

---Female  circumcision

---Too  much   leisure , for  example  Luguru , Zaramo  spent too much  time  dancing.

----Tatoo.

{1}.Msanii wa kazi ya Fasihi ni zao la jamii. Yote anayoyaandika katika kazi yake hutokana na jamii yake.Thibitisha ukweli au uongo wa kauli hii ukitumia vitabu viwili{2} kati ya TAKADINI , WATOTO WA MAMA N”TILIE na JOKA LA MDIMU

JIBU

          Msanii   wa   kazi  ya  Fasihi  ni  mtu  yeyote  anayejishughulisha  na  kazi  ya Fasihi  katika  jamii  yake. Hutumia   muda  wake  mwingi   kuzungumza  na  jamii  yake  kwa  njia   ya  maandishi. Huyu  ndiye  anayeelimisha , anayeburudisha , anayerithisha  utamaduni  wa  jamii  pamoja  na  kukuza  lugha  katika  jamii  husika.

            Nakubaliana  na   kauli  kwamba   msanii  wa   Fasihi  ni   zao   la   jamii  Fulani.  Yote  anayoyaandika  katika  kazi  yake  hutokana  na  jamii  yake.Hii  ni  kwa   sababu  fasihi   ni   zao   la   jamii  Fulani.Na   vile   vile  ndiyo  inayomzaa  na   kumlea   msanii.Nathibitisha  ukweli  wa   kauli  hii  kwa   kutumia  vitabu   vya    WATOTO  WA  MAMA   N”TILIE  na  TAKADINI.

           Katika  WATOTO   WA  MAMA  N”TILIE   mwandishi  amejadili   mambo  mbalimbali  yaliyomo   katika   jamii   zetu.Mambo  hayo  ni  kama  vile :

             ------Umaskini.

            ------Suala  la   Elimu.

             ------Suala   la   malezi.

             ------Ulevi.

             ------Nafasi   ya   mwanamke   katika  jamii.

            ------Mapenzi.

         Katika  TAKADINI  mwandishi  amejadili  mambo   mbalimbali  yanayojitokeza   katika  jamii   hususani  katika   nchi  zinazoendelea  ikiwemo   Tanzania. Baadhi   ya   mambo  hayo  ni :

              ------Mapenzi.

              ------Ndoa.

            -------Imani   potofu / Dhana   potofu.

            --------Upendo.

            -------Ujasiri.

            ------Umoja  na  mshikamano.

            -------Elimu.

            ------Nafasi   ya   mwanamke  katika   jamii  na  ujinsia.

            -----Malezi  ya  Watoto.

         Kwa   kuhitimisha, tunahitimisha    kuwa  Wasanii   wa   riwaya   za    TAKADINI , WATOTO  WA  N”TILIE   ni  zao   la  jamii  ya  Watanzania.Yale   yote    waliyoyaandika  katika  kazi  zao   yanatokana  na  jamii  ya  Watanzania.  Pia  jamii  ya  Watanzania   ndiyo   iliyowazaa  na  kuwalea  wasanii  hao.