Q. Examine the factors that influenced the development of Nationalism in Tanzania. {NECTA 2001}.

ANSWER: 

NATIONALISM IN TANGANYIKA

Contribution Of Dr. Julius Nyerere To The Struggle For Tanzania’s Independence

Julius Kambarage Nyerere was born in 1922 at Butiaba near the lake Victoria shores. His father was a village chief. He attended a Roman Catholic primary school before joining the government secondary at Tabora and diploma in Education at Makerere College in Uganda before finally attaining university education in universities outside Africa including Edinburgh University in Scotland.

Nyerere taught in several schools in Tanzania between 1945 and 1952. This spread literacy, which was needed in the struggle for independence.

He joined TANU (Tanganyika African National Union) in 1955 where he seriously campaigned for Tanganyika’s independence.

He addressed the U.N.O’s (United Nations Organization) trusteeship council in New York, where he expressed Tanganyika’s wish for independence.

Organized TANU to elect a representative to the Legislative council (LEGCO).

Nyerere became Tanganyika’s first prime minister in 1961 when Tanzania gained her independence.

He encouraged the unity between Tanganyika and Zanzibar in 1964. This resulted into the establishing of the republic of Tanzania.

Emphasized Swahili language to be the common language Tanzanians were to use. This united them in the demand for independence.

Nyerere advocated for peaceful means in the struggle for Tanzania independence. This scared Tanzania of the destruction that happened to states that used violence to achieve independence.

Nyerere as president of Tanganyika African Association transformed (IAA) into TANU (Tanganyika African National Union) in 1954.

 Nyerere called for adult voting rights voting rights in Tanganyika other than the earlier restriction on to only those who were earning 75 pounds per year or those who were literate.

Nyerere assured the Asians, whites and other foreigners in Tanganyika that they had a future in Tanganyika. This won some foreigners sympathy towards the independence movement.

Brought TANU close to the UN Trusteeship Council. It’s this that was later to put pressure on Britain to decolonize Tanganyika.

Nyerere stood down after being elected to the Legico (Legislative Council) complaining of lack of progress in the move to Tanganyika’s independence.

Reasons for Tanganyika’s early independence
1.The formation of political clubs/ associations such as Tanganyika African  
   Association (TAA), Tanganyika African National Union ( TANU).

2.The spirit of unity that came as a result of the existence of an all embracing Political party- TANU.

3.The personality of the colonial governors favored Tanzania’s early independence. Governor Richard Turnbull for example encouraged preparations for Tanzania’s Independence.

4.The United Nations, supervised preparations for independence in Tanganyika through its Trusteeship Council.

5.Racial or tribal differences were greatly limited in Tanganyika unlike in both Uganda and Kenya. This gave Tanganyikans a united stand in the call for independence.

6.Political activities were not much restricted by the authority in Tanganyika as was in Kenya and Uganda. Party activities for instance would be left free.

7.Tanganyika’s adoption of Kiswahili as a common language promoted unity in the call for independence.

8.The able leadership of men like Julius Nyerere who mobilised all Tanganyika’s without discriminating based on race.

Q.Examine the principles of Tanzania”s foreign policy. { NECTA 1998 }

ANSWER:

Tanzania has long been at the forefront of African affairs and has taken a leadership role in East Africa. Tanzania's influence has been greatest in the regional arena, and the country adopted an active role in the Organization for African Unity (OAU) and the Southern Africa Development Community (SADC). From the time of Tanzania's own independence, the government has openly supported liberation movements throughout southern Africa. Tanzania maintains close ties with Uganda, Mozambique and Zambia. The East African Community's collapse in 1977 resulted in a complete breakdown in relations between Tanzania and Kenya. However, under the leadership of Mkapa and his colleagues, President Yoweri Museveni of Uganda and President Daniel arap Moi of Kenya, a close relationship between the three countries was reestablished with the signing of an East African Cooperation treaty in Arusha, Tanzania, on 31 November 1999.

During Mkapa's first term, relations with Burundi were problematic. In July 1996 the Mkapa administration, in cooperation with other regional governments, imposed sanctions on the Burundi military regime following the overthrow of a democratically elected Hutu led government by Tutsi extremists. Relations remained uneasy as a civil war erupted in Burundi and Tanzania was accused with complicity in rebel attacks. This issue was exacerbated by an increasing number of Burundians seeking refuge in Tanzania throughout 1996 and 1997. Despite the tension between the two states, peace talks aimed at bringing an end to Burundi's civil war were hosted in Tanzania's northern city of Arusha. The slow-moving talks were facilitated by Julius Nyerere and, after his death, Nelson Mandela, the former South African president. Mkapa's administration continues to work toward peace in this region.

In 2003, Mkapa and South African president Thabo Mbeki worked together to attempt to mediate the growing tension between Uganda and Rwanda. The Uganda People's Congress publicly welcomed the two leader's efforts, but expressed little hope for their success.

Another major foreign policy concern for the Mkapa government is the hundreds of thousands of refugees from Rwanda, Burundi, and Congo who fled to Tanzania to escape the widespread violence unleashed by the Rwandan genocide in the Great Lakes region. In addition to facilitating regional peace talks, the Tanzanian government has attempted to mobilize international humanitarian support and to repatriate refugees.

After the controversial 2000 election in Zanzibar, several western donors, especially those from the European Union, suspended foreign assistance to the island, pending the outcome of the government/opposition dialogue. However, the United States and Japan continued to provide aid to Zanzibar. In early 2002, the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) pledged support to help develop the island's small businesses.

Tanzania did not support the United States/United Kingdom war against Iraq in 2003, preferring that the United Nations provide a peaceful means of disarming Iraq. President Mkapa feared that Tanzania's failure to support the United States might lead to a loss of assistance, especially crucial in 2003 as the UN World Food Programme warned of grave food shortages facing the nation; however, the United States pledged to continue to provide humanitarian and developmental assistance to Tanzania.

Q. For any election to be democratic it must be free and fair. Identify and explain the main conditions for free and fair election. {NECTA 2009}.

ANSWER:

Conditions for free & fair elections

For elections to be said to be free and fair, the pre-election, election, and post election periods must be characterized by the opening up of democratic space, respect of human rights, and the protection of fundamental civil and political rights of all citizens.

A ‘free’ electoral process is one where fundamental human rights and freedoms are respected. These include:

• Freedom of speech and expression by electors, parties, candidates and the media
• Freedom of association; that is, freedom to form organizations such as political parties and NGOs
• Freedom of assembly, to hold political rallies and to campaign
• Freedom of access to and by electors to transmit and receive political and electoral messages
• Freedom to register as an elector, a party or a candidate
• Freedom from violence, intimidation or coercion
• Freedom of access to the polls by electors, party agents and accredited observers
• Freedom to exercise the franchise in secret and
• Freedom to question, challenge and register complains or objections without negative repercussions.

011 Civics Possible Questions O--Level Necta 2014

Q1. “ Work  and   Development    are   two   sides   of  the    same   coin”. Elaborate  six  importance  of  work.

{NECTA 2011}

ANSW1.

WORK  is Physical or mental effort or activity directed toward the production or accomplishment of something.

DEVELOPMENT  is  The systematic use of scientific and technical knowledge to meet specific objectives or requirements.

Why is work important?

{1}.One of the most important aspects of work is that it provides a person the income necessary to meet basic living needs, according to The Youthhood. Work also gives people a sense of identify and a feeling of accomplishing activities that contribute to society.

{2}WorkWithoutLimits points out that work is a major element of how people view themselves. It allows a person to gain or develop skills they wouldn't have without a career. Working also contributes to feelings of self-respect and pride. Careers provide a central talking point for a person when interacting with family and friends. Jobs may also provide social opportunities.

Q 2.Show   six  efforts  made   since  independence  to   promote   and  preserve national  culture  in  Tanzania. { NECTA  2013}

Answer:

{1}.Establishment of   the  Ministry  of  Education  and  Culture.

{2}.Formation   of  BASATA{National  Arts  Promotion}.

{3}.Formation   of  BAKITA{National  Swahili  council }.

{4}.Weating   of    descent  clothes  refer  1970”s  campaign  against  mini-skirts, tight  trousers.

{5}.Radio”s, TV  having  special  programmes , for  example  MUZIKI ASLIA.

{6}. Teaching of  Swahili  in  all  subjects  at   primary   level , also   SWAHILI  to be taught  in  secondary  school  as  a  subject.

{7}.Swahili  being  an  official   language   that  is  offices{govt} ,courts, parliament  session etc.

{8}.UPE { Universal  Primary  Education}—free  education   for  all.

{9}.Change  of   syllabus ---materials  taught  was  to  be   relevant  to  Tanzanians , for  example  Civics , Political Education.

{10}.Traditional  medicine  is   given emphasis  that  is  special  department  has  been  opened  at   Muhimbili  Hospital.

{11}.Formation  of  various  traditional  dancers  groups, for  example  MUUNGANO, TOT.

 

Q 3. “To  a  great  extent, the  road  accidents  in  Tanzania  are   man  made “ Justify  this  statement  by  giving  five  points.{ NECTA  2011}

Answer:

What are the most common causes of road accidents?

{1}.Speeding
Around 400 people a year are killed in crashes in which someone exceeds the speed limit or drives too fast for the conditions.

{2}.Drink Driving
Around 280 people die a year in crashes in which someone was over the legal drink drive limit.

{3}.Seat Belt Wearing
Around 300 lives each year could be saved if everyone always wore their seat belt.

{4}.Careless Driving
Around 300 deaths a year involve someone being "careless, reckless or in a hurry", and a further 125 involve "aggressive driving".

{5}.At-work
Around one third of fatal and serious road crashes involve someone who was at work.

{6}.Inexperience
More than 400 people are killed in crashes involving young car drivers aged 17 to 24 years, every year, including over 150 young drivers, 90 passengers and more than 170 other road users.

{7}.Failed to Look Properly
40% of road crashes involve someone who 'failed to look properly'.

{8}.Loss of Control
One third of fatal crashes involved 'loss of control' of a vehicle.

{9}.Failed to Judge Other Person's Path/Speed
One in five crashes involve a road user failing to judge another person's path or speed.

Q 4.Give  six  points  to  elaborate  the  importance  of  studying  civics. 

{ NECTA 2012}

ANSWER

·  civics--the study of civic affairs and the duties and rights of citizenship

or

Civics is the study of the great theoretical and practical aspects of citizenship, its rights and duties; the duties of citizens to each other as members of a political body and to the government. It includes the study of civil law and civil code, and the study of government with attention to the role of citizens ― as opposed to external factors ― in the operation and oversight of government.
or
Civics is the study of people's social, cultural, political and economic
development. The study of Civics will also help you know the
principles of civic duties and rights as a responsible citizen. Civics is divided into three parts namely:Political Economic
Social and Cultural.

Civics is a subject that touches everyperson’s life. It teaches the value of

being an active citizen in the community.It teaches the importance of taking

part in politics and helping to choosethe leaders of local, state and national

government. It teaches how lawsshape society and how they protect

individuals. It teaches how the rightsgranted by government come with

responsibilities not to abuse those rights.The word “civics” is based on

an ancient Latin word “civicus,”which means “of a citizen