In this section, We are going to see How the conversion of Direct to Indirect Speech and Indirect to Direct Speech is done?
We may report the words of a speaker in two ways.
1. Direct Speech
We may quote the actual words of the speaker. This method is called Direct Speech.
2. Indirect Speech
We may report what he said without quoting his exact words. This method is called Indirect Speech or
Reported Speech.
Example:
• Direct:
Clinton said, “I am very busy now.”
• Indirect: Clinton said that he was very busy then.
• Direct : He said, “ my mother is
writing letter.”
• Indirect: He said that his mother was writing letter.
How to change Direct to Indirect Speech?
It will be noticed that in Direct Speech, we use inverted commas to mark off the exact words of the speaker.
In Indirect Speech we do not use the inverted commas.
It will be further noticed that in changing the above Direct Speech into Indirect speech, certain changes have been made.
Thus:
i. We have used the conjunction ‘that’ before the Indirect Statement.
ii. The pronoun “I” is changed to “HE”. (The Pronoun is changed in Person)
iii. The verb “am” is changed to “was”.
iv. The adverb “now” is changed to “then”.
Rules
for changing Direct into Indirect Speech:
A. When the reporting or principal verb is in the Past Tense, all the Present Tenses in the
Direct Speech are changed into Past Tense.
a. A simple
present tense becomes simple past tense.
Example:
• Direct : He said, “I am unwell.”
• Indirect: He said that he was unwell.
b. A present continuous tense becomes a past continuous.
Example:
• Direct : He said, “ my mother is writing letter.”
• Indirect: He said that his mother was writing letter.
c. A present perfect becomes a past perfect:
Are you clear about the conversion of Direct to Indirect Speech?
Example:
• Direct: He said, “I have passed the examination.”
• Indirect: he said that he had passed the examination.
d. As a
rule the simple past tense in the Direct Speech becomes the past perfect tense in Indirect Speech.
Example:
• Direct: He said, “His horse died in the night.”
• Indirect: he said that his horse had died in the night.
NOTE:
The
shall of the future is changed into should.
The will of the future is changed into would.
The can and may of the future are
changed into could and might respectively.
Are you clear about the conversion of Direct to Indirect Speech?
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Sunday, June 1, 2014
MBINU ZA KUSOMA NA KUFAULU MITIHANI
MBINU ZA
KUSOMA NA KUFAULU
MITIHANI
NIni Cha
Kufanya Mwanafunzi ?
{}. Weka lengo maalumu
la kusoma kila
siku na litimize.
{}.Uwe
na ratiba yako
binafsi ya kujisomea nyumbani
na ifuate. Hakikisha ukiwa
nyumbani una ratiba
ya kujisomea na
wala sio unpokuwa
shuleni tu.
{}. Jisomee
katika muda unaodhani
unafaa zaidi.
{}.Tenga
muda wa kutosha
kwa kila somo.
{}.Yapende
masomo yako na
tena uyafurahie.
{}. Jenga
tabia ya kuyaombea
masomo yako kila
siku na kila
mara.
{}.Uwe na muda
mwingi wa kujisomea
kila siku, usipoteze muda
kwa mambo yasiyo
ya lazima kama
vile maongezi,mizaha,utani.
{}.Penda
kuukomboa wakati ,tambua muda
ukipita haurudi tena.
EFESO 5:15—17.
{}. Waheshimu
wale wote wanaokulea
na kukuhudumia.
{}.Uwe
na mahali maalumu
pa kusomea.
{}.Hakikisha
mahali pa kusomea , pana mwanga
wa kutosha.
{}.Tafuta
mahali pasipo na
kelele za aina
yoyote.
{}. Jenga
tabia ya kufanya
mazoezi ya mwili
kama vile kucheza
mpira, kuruka kamba n.k.
{}. Usifanye
mambo mengi kwa
wakati mmoja. Kwa mfano, mapenzi au
anasa za kimwili
wakati ungali mwanafunzi. Hivyo ni
vikwazo masomoni.
{}.Ni
vizuri kujihusisha na
watu wengine , jambo
hili litakufariji kimawazo.
{}. Fanya
bidii sana katika
kusoma ni lazima UTAFAULU. MITHALI
10:4.
NINI CHA
KUFANYA UNAPOKUWA SHULENI / CHUONI/DARASANI ?
{}.Ipende
shule unayosoma au chuo unachosoma,hata kama
watu wengine wanasema
maneno mabaya kuhusu
shule yako.
{}. Soma kazi zako
zote za darasani
kabla ya kuanza
darasa.
{}.Fika darasani
kwa wakati unaotakiwa
ili usikose maagizo.
{}.Usikose kipindi bila
sababu maalumu.
{}.Wasilisha
kazi za darasani kwa
wakati wake.
{}.Epuka
kukaa kimya na
nyuma ya darasa,bali
shiriki katika mazungumzo
ya darasani na
wenzako.
{}.Usiwe
mtu wa kukaa
tu darasani , uliza na jibu maswali
yanapoulizwa.
{}.Wakati
mwalimu hajafika darasani , pitia yale
uliyojifunza kipindi kilichopita.
{}. Msikilize
mwalimu anapokuwa anafundisha
darasani.
{}.Baada
ya kipindi, pitia yale
uliyojifunza.
{}.Jijengee tabia njema
ya kujizuia katika
tamaa za mwili.
{}. Jenga uhusiano
mzuri kwa walimu
wako na kwa
wanafunzi wenzako. Ukiwa
na amani moyoni, utasoma na
kuelewa. Jistahi na
kuwapenda walimu wako.
Ukimpenda mwalimu utaliewa
vizuri somo lake. Wapende walimu
wanaokufundisha.Tambua
ukimchukia mwalimu na
somo analokufundisha lazima
utalichukia tu.
{}.Hudhuria
shughuli zote za
shule nje ya
darasani.
{}.Unapokuwa
na matatizo kimasomo, mwone mwalimu
anayehusika.
{}.Jiandae
kwa mitihani kila
wakati , usingoje mwalimu
atangaze kuwa ataleta
mitihani ndipo usome.
{}.Epuka
kuwaonea WIVU na
kujilinganisha na wengine
kimasomo, bali, jifunze tu siri
za mafanikio yao.
{}. Jenga
tabia ya uvumilivu
na kamwe usikate
tama wakati ugumu
unapoibuka masomoni.
{}. Jenga
tabia ya kupania
kufaulu katika masomo
yako.
{}. Amini
kuwa utafaulu.
{}. Amini
na wewe unaweza
KUFAULU, hata kama mazingira
uliyonayo ni magumu. Mfano U—mtoto
Yatima , huna ada ,huna
fedha za matumizi
“Pocket Money” , husomi masomo
ya ziada “
TUITION “ unaishi maisha
magumu n.k.
{}.Chunguza
masomo yako ili ujue udhaifu
wako uko wapi.
{}.Uwe
mwanafunzi mdadisi wa
mambo kwa walimu
na hata kwa
wanafunzi wenzako pia.
{}. Epuka
marafiki wabaya wenye
nia ya kukupotosha.
{}.Kaa na wale
wanaoweza kile usichokiweza
{}. Ni
vizuri pia kuwa
na mwanafunzi mwenzio
wa kujadili naye.
NINI CHA
KUFANYA WAKATI WA
KUJISOMEA ?
{}.SHETANI
hapendi ufanikiwe , hivyo kabla
ya kuanza kusoma fanya
SALA.
{}. Epuka
kitu chochote kinachoweza
kukufanya usisome vizuri.Hakikisha unapoanza
kusoma umekaa mahali
ambapo pana utulivu
na hupati usumbufu
usio na sababu
za msingi,
{}.Kabla
hujaanza kujisomea,
hakikisha kuwa zana
zote muhimu kwa
kusomea zipo, mfano vitabu , kalamu n.k.
{}. Ni
vizuri ukiwa unasoma
uwe na SAA , hii
itakusaidia kuelewa muda
halisi uliosoma.
{}. Wakati
wa kusoma hakikisha
unakuwa na daftari
jingine ambalo utakuwa unaandika
mambo usiyoyafahamu vizuri .
{}. Epuka
kusoma hadi usiku
sana , utaharibu afya
yako .
{}. Usisome
mambo mengi kwa
wakati mmoja.
{}. Epuka
kusoma ukiwa umejilaza
kitandani.
{}.Uwe
na muda wa
kumpuzika kila unapochoka
kusoma.
{}. Epuka
pombe , uvutaji wa sigara ,bangi na
madawa ya kulevya. Huharibu ubongo
na kudhoofisha afya.
{}.Kila
nafasi unayoipata itumie
kwa kusoma.
{}. Usiendekeze
usingizi katika muda
wako wa kujisomea.
{}. Soma
vitabu mbalimbali vinavyohusiana na
hicho unachokisoma.
KABLA YA
MTIHANI /BEFORE THE EXAMINATION .
{}.Kabla ya mtihani ,soma
kwa bidii sana
usingoje mtihani umekaribia
ndipo usome.
{}.Soma
kwa mpangilio kila
siku ili kujiandaa
kikamilifu kwa mtihani.
{}. Usitumie
vilevi vinavyopelekea mtu kupunguza uwezo
wake wa kufikiri. Mfano bangi , bia , sigara ,unga wa
kulevya.
SIKU YA
MTIHANI / DURING THE EXAMINATION.
{}.Usiku unaofuatiwa
na siku ya
mtihani uwe na
muda wa kutosha
wa kulala. Usisome
hadi usiku wa
manane.
{}. Siku
ya mtihani, usifikirie kushindwa
bali uwe na
imani kuwa utashinda.
Ondoa wasiwasi na
mashaka.
{}.Wahi
kwenye chumba cha
mtihani kwani kuchelewa
huleta hofu.
{}.Chukua
vifaa vyote muhimu
katika mtihani kama
vile kalamu ,penseli na
rula.
NDANI YA
CHUMBA CHA MTIHANI
{}.Soma
maagizo /maelekezo ya
mtihani kwa uangalifu
sana ,na hakikisha uko
makini kwa kile
unachotakiwa kufanya kabla
ya kujibu swali
lolote.
{}.Kabla hujaanza kujibu
maswalli ,angalia maswali ambayo
ni rahisi kwako
kujibu.
{}. Jibu
maswali rahisi kwanza
na kwa haraka
ili upate muda
wa kutosha kujibu
maswali magumu.
{}. Usijibu
swali bila kuelewa
linataka nini.? Jibu
utakalojibu litakuwa tofauti
na swali.
{}.Usiwe
na haraka ya
kumaliza mtihani kutakufanya
usijibu kwa makini.
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