HISTORY FORM TWO SUMMARY NOTES

2.1.0 Interactions among the people of Africa
2.1.1 Social and economic factors for interactions
Social and economic factors for interactions - Migration, religion, war, music, medicine, marriage
Economic factors of migration - African communities interacted due to economic factors like crafts, trade, farming and pastoralism
2.1.2 The coming of the Ngoni
Analyze the circumstances that brought about the Ngoni migration (1800s) and its effects -
Causes - Began in the 19th century when Shaka Zulu began conquering neighbouring states to establish the Zulu Empire (Ngoni fled north)
Effects - Long Distance Trade was disrupted and became disorganized (ex. Yao + Nyamwezi), Ngoni brought war to peaceful areas, introduction of new culture and ways of keeping law & order, introduced new military techniques ex. Assegai spears/cattle horn formation, people were left homeless, land was confiscated by the Ngoni, Hehe unified with the help of Ngoni military tactics
2.2.0 Social-economic development and production in pre-colonial Africa
2.2.1 Social organization and production
Identify the main characteristics of pre-colonial education - Main purpose was to transmit knowledge of the society to individuals such as agricultural techniques or production of crafts/tools, education was an ongoing activity taking into account stages of an individual’s status or age in the society, the society was responsible for education rather than schools, education was informal
Many African societies had education systems which transferred knowledge from elders to the next generation by the 16th century
2.2.2 Types of social organizations and production
Social Organization - Refers to the system how an individual within a group relate with each other in order to exist harmoniously
Production - The process by which people create goods to satisfy their needs and to accumulate a surplus for times of need or for sale. Production can involve manufacturing, mining, crop cultivation or animal keeping
2.2.2.1 Communalism
Communalism - A system whereby people live together and practice common ownership of property. It is believed to have originated during the early stages of human evolution
Characteristics of communalism - People living by hunting and gathering, people lived in small groups, there was no exploitation of man by man (no classes existed), work was done communally
2.2.2.2 Slavery
Slavery - An economic system which involves the ownership and use of slaves for economic production. Slaves were considered property during pre-colonial Africa and were bought or sold or given as a gift and forced to work without any rewards
How people became slaves - Born into bondage (their parents were slaves), interaction between communities (ex war, kidnapping), criminals taken as slaves, disadvantaged individuals (landless people)
6
The slave trade rapidly expanded in East Africa in the 19th century because of - Portuguese slave trade from Mozambique to Brazil, Dutch and French trade dominance in Mauritius and Reunion Islands, introduction of cloves in Zanzibar, local rulers involvement in slave and ivory trade, power shifted from the interior to the coast allowing slaves to be sent to Asia and the Middle East
2.2.2.3 Feudalism
Feudalism - The system of production where wealthy landowners rented land to landless people in exchange for a fee in the form of services or goods
Examples of feudalism - Nupe, Ankole, Buganda, Karagwe
Characteristics of feudalism - Land was owned by a few rich people, majority were landless (serfs or peasants), there were two distinct classes (those with land, those without land)
Most centralized states in Africa were based on feudalism
2.3.0 Africa and the external world
2.3.1 Early contact with the Middle East and Far East
One of the negative impacts of Africa’s contact with the Middle East was the growth of the slave trade
2.3.2 Contacts with Europe
2.3.2.1 The Portuguese
How the Portuguese disrupted the development of trade in the Indian Ocean up to the 17th century - Portuguese captured and controlled trade in the Indian Ocean, by waging war with Arab traders to monopolize trade, changing trade routes from the Indian Ocean to the Atlantic Ocean, introduction or imposition of trading licenses and permits, heavy taxes and duties on traders
Impacts of the Portuguese intrusion in East Africa in the 16th century - Directed East African trade to the south and to the Atlantic Ocean, decay of Indian Ocean trade, prosperity of Arab states greatly declined in East Africa and were destroyed by the Portuguese, Portuguese introduced Christianity, introduced new crops like maize/cassava/pineapples/groundnuts
Reasons for short lived presence of the Portuguese in East Africa - Tropical diseases, social-cultural/religious differences, climatic conditions, loss of trade, harsh treatment of the indigenous, revolts by city states
Reasons why the Portuguese colonies in Africa engaged in armed struggles for liberation - Portuguese saw these countries as Portuguese provinces overseas, political parties were banned, Portugal was the poorest country in Europe and depended on their colonies, Portugal was a fascist state run by a dictator, Portugal felt it had a “civilizing mission” in Africa, Portuguese settlers did not want to leave, Portugal underestimated the power of nationalists
Reasons for Portuguese interest in the East African Coast - Coast was a restocking point for ships heading east, to control/share trade by Persians/Arabs, to control trade from India, to levy taxes from coastal merchants, East Africa is strategically important for controlling marine trade in the Indian Ocean
2.3.2.2 The Dutch settlement at the Cape
Causes of the Boer’s Great Trek - Introduction of the English language to South Africa, land alienation of the Boers, presence of missionaries on the Cape, British control of the Cape
Effects of the Mfecane War - War by Shaka Zulu which took land from other tribes in South Africa, caused the Ngoni migration
2.3.2.3 Slave trade in the Indian Ocean and the Trans-Atlantic slave trade
Slavery in East Africa was introduced by Arabs and Asians as early as 2 AD
Causes of the slave trade in the Indian Ocean - Arabs introduced clove plantations, high demand for slave labour on sugar plantations in Mauritius and Reunion, slaves were needed as porters
Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade (Triangular Trade) - The trade which occurred between West Africa, America and Europe
2.4.0 Industrial capitalism
2.4.1 Demands of industrial capitalism
Capitalism - An economic system whereby the major means of production are privately owned. The two groups of people in this system are employers and workers
7
Factors affecting industrial capitalists in Europe - Coal and iron were available in large quantities in Europe, agrarian revolution, advancement of science and technology, trade, banking and insurance services encouraged industries to develop
Capitalism developed through three states 1. Mercantilism 2. Industrial capitalism 3. Monopoly capitalism
2.4.2 Agents of industrial capitalism
Reasons why missionaries became the forerunners of colonialism - Were deliberately sent by countries as agents of colonialism, worked as translators for treaties, softened views of locals to allow for incoming colonialists, converted Africans to a new faith which gave the colonial powers control of their religion, preaching of obedience reduced resistance, Church Missionary Society grew cotton in Uganda, exploration of the interior, drew maps
Roles of companies and associations in colonialism - Companies usually signed treaties, they enforced administrative laws, exploited the African continent and sent back information about the availability of resources, some companies enforced administrative law, traded with Africans and got raw materials for European industries, built roads/waterways/cities, marked boundaries for the interior of Africa, encouraged their home countries to colonize Africa
Examples of companies and associations in Africa - Africa Association of Britain (c1788 to find suitable agricultural land), Imperial British East Africa Company (IBEAC, c1886 to protect British interests in East Africa), German East Africa Company (c1884 by Karl Peters to handle German affairs in Tanganyika), Royal Niger Company (RNC, c1884 by George Goldies in West Africa), British South Africa Company (BSAC, created by Cecil Rhodes in central and southern Africa)
Prominent European missionaries include Johann Krapf, Dr. John Moffat, Dr. Livingstone
Europeans believed that the missionaries brought civilization to Africa
2.4.3 Abolition of the slave trade
Reasons for the abolition of slavery - Humanitarian considerations, economically unfeasible, industrial revolution, political pressure, French and British sugar competition (French used slaves and had a competitive advantage in the world sugar market, selling sugar at a lower price than the British)
Why the slave trade in East Africa took so long to abolish - The treaties between the Sultan of Oman and the British did not succeed in stopping the slave trade in Zanzibar, the Sultan of Oman depended on the slave trade for his clove business and to keep power, African chiefs who provided slaves had economic reasons to continue, firearms being sold to the interior made catching slaves much easier, French and British sugar competition meant that the French wanted to continue using slave labour on Mauritius and Reunion
What were the notable effects of the abolition of slave trade in East Africa - People started to settle permanently, replaced with legitimate trade, population increase, and freedom of tribes
The abolition of the slave trade caused the decline of the trans-Saharan trade and eventually caused the fall of the Sudanic states
2.4.4 British occupation of South African via the Cape
The British took control of the cape during the period of mercantilism in Europe
Boer Trek - The movement of Boers away from the Cape, towards the interior of South Africa, eventually causing the Mfecane war and the migration of the Ngoni
Tactics used by the British to occupy the Cape (causes of the Boer Trek) - Land legislation system which limited the size of an individuals land, abolishing the slave trade, English replaced Dutch as the official language, abolished the restructure of internal trade, the British maintained an army at the Cape
Impact of the Boers Trek - Development of unstable Boer republics (Transvaal, Natal), Orange Free State) with weak economic strength, caused conflict between Boers and Africans, Boers took African resources, Boers lost touch with their Dutch homeland, British extended their control to the interior to help Africans who were treated cruelly by the Boers