Sunday, April 20, 2014

CALCULUS ------ BY. MWL. JAPHET MASATU


 
CALCULUS
The word Calculus comes from Latin meaning "small stone",
Because it is like understanding something by looking at small pieces.
Differential Calculus cuts something into small pieces to find how it changes.

Integral Calculus joins (integrates) the small pieces together to find how much there is.

  Read Introduction to Calculus or "how fast right now?"

Limits

Limits are all about approaching. Sometimes you can't work something out directly, but you can see what it should be as you get closer and closer!
Introduction to Limits
Limits and Infinity
Evaluating Limits
Limits (Formal Definition)

Continuous Functions  

Derivatives (Differential Calculus)

The Derivative is the "rate of change" or slope of a function.
Introduction to Derivatives
Slope of a Function at a Point (Interactive)
Derivatives as dy/dx
Derivative Plotter
Derivative Rules
Second Derivative
Differentiable
Finding Maxima and Minima using Derivatives
Concave Upwards and Downwards and Inflection Points
Taylor Series (uses derivatives)

Integration (Integral Calculus)

Integration can be used to find areas, volumes, central points and many useful things.
Introduction to Integration
Integration Rules
Integration by Parts
Integration by Substitution
Definite Integrals

If you want more Calculus topics covered, let me know which ones.

ALGEBRA 2 ------ BY. MWL. JAPHET MASATU.

ALGEBRA  2.

OK. So what are you going to learn here?
You will learn about Numbers, Polynomials, Inequalities, Sequences and Sums, many types of Functions, and how to solve them.
You will also gain a deeper insight into Mathematics, get to practice using your new skills with lots of examples and questions, and generally improve your mind.
With your new skills you will be able to put together mathematical models so you can find good quality solutions to many tricky real world situations.
Near the end of most pages is a "Your Turn" section ... do these! You need to balance your reading with doing. Answering questions helps you sort things out in your mind. And don't guess the answer: use pen and paper and try your best before seeing the solution.

Language

So what is this thing called Mathematics? And how do you go about learning it?

Welcome to Mathematics Reading Math
Learning Mathematics
The Language of Mathematics
Symbols in Algebra

Sets

Next, we need to think about mathematics in terms of sets.
    Introduction to Sets
set

Numbers

Now you know what a set is, let us look at different sets of numbers that you will be using:

The Evolution of Numbers
Prime and Composite Numbers
Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic
Whole Numbers and Integers
Rational Numbers Pi
Using Rational Numbers
Irrational Numbers
0.999... = 1
Real Numbers
Imaginary Numbers square root of minus one
Complex Numbers
The Complex Plane
Common Number Sets

Inequalities

"Equal To" is nice but not always available. Maybe you only know that something is less than, or greater than. So let us learn about inequalities.

Introduction to Inequalities a≥b
Properties of Inequalities
Intervals


Exponents

You will be using exponents a lot, so get to know them well.

Exponents 8 to the Power 2
Using Exponents in Algebra
Squares and Square Roots
Squares and Square Roots in Algebra
nth Root
Fractional Exponents
Laws of Exponents
Exponents of Negative Numbers


Polynomials

Polynomials were some of the first things ever studied in Algebra. They are simple, yet powerful in their ability to model real world situations.

What is a Polynomial? polynomial example
Adding And Subtracting Polynomials
Multiplying Polynomials
Dividing Polynomials
Polynomials - Long Division
Degree (of an Expression)
Special Binomial Products
Difference of Two Cubes expand vs factor
Factoring in Algebra
Solving Polynomials
Roots of Polynomials: Sums and Products
Rational Expressions
Using Rational Expressions
Fundamental Theorem of Algebra
Remainder Theorem and Factor Theorem
General Form of a Polynomial

Graphing Polynomials

How Polynomials Behave
Polynomials: The Rule of Signs
Polynomials: Bounds on Zeros


Equations

And, of course, you need to know about equations ... and how to solve them.

Equations and Formulas
Solving Equations
Simplify
Zero Product Property
Implication and Iff
Theorems, Corollaries, Lemmas


Graphs

Graphs can save you! They are a great way to see what is going on and can help you solve things. But you need to be careful as they may not always give you the full story.

Cartesian Coordinates Intercepts
Pythagoras' Theorem
Distance Between 2 Points
Graph of an Equation
Finding Intercepts From an Equation
Symmetry in Equations


Linear Equations

They are just equations for lines. But they come in many forms.

Equation of a Straight Line Slope-Intercept Form
Linear Equations
Point-Slope Equation of a Line
General Form of Equation of a Line
Equation of a Line from 2 Points
Midpoint of a Line Segment
Parallel and Perpendicular Lines


Functions

A function just relates an input to an output. But from that simple foundation many useful things can be built.

What is a Function? doman and range
Domain, Range and Codomain
Evaluating Functions
Increasing and Decreasing Functions
Maxima and Minima of Functions
Even and Odd Functions
Set-Builder Notation
Common Functions Reference:
Function Transformations
Equation Grapher
Operations with Functions
Composition of Functions
Inverse Functions


Equations of Second Degree

"Second degree" just means the variable has an exponent of 2, like x2. It is the next major step after linear equations (where the exponent is 1, like x).

Quadratic Equations Quadratic Graph
Factoring Quadratics
Completing the Square
Derivation of Quadratic Formula
Graphing Quadratic Equations
Circle Equations

Solving

You already have experience in solving, but now you can learn more!

Mathematical Models 3d Box
Approximate Solutions
Intermediate Value Theorem
Solving Radical Equations
Change of Variables
Algebra Mistakes


Solving Inequalities

We learned about inequalities above, now let's learn how to solve them.

Solving Inequalities
Graphing Linear Inequalities
Solving Quadratic Inequalities
Solving Rational Inequalities
Absolute Value in Algebra


Exponents and Logarithms

You know about exponents ... well logarithms just go the other way. And together they can be very powerful.

Working with Exponents and Logarithms Exponent vs Logarithm
Exponential Function
Logarithmic Function
Exponential Growth and Decay

Systems of Linear Equations

What happens when you have two or more linear equations that work together? They can be solved! It isn't too complicated, but can take quite a few calculations.

Systems of Linear Equations A Matrix
Matrices
How to Multiply Matrices
Determinant of a Matrix
Inverse of a Matrix:
Matrix Calculator
Solving Systems of Linear Equations Using Matrices
Systems of Linear and Quadratic Equations

Probability

Is it likely? You be the judge!

Probability lock
The Basic Counting Principle
Combinations and Permutations

Sequences, Series and Partial Sums

A Sequence is a set of things (usually numbers) that are in order. You can also sum up a series, where Sigma Notation is very useful.

Sequences sequence term
Sequences - Finding A Rule
Sigma Notation
Partial Sums
Arithmetic Sequences and Sums
Geometric Sequences and Sums


Finally

These last few subjects use what you have learned above.

Partial Fractions
Mathematical Induction
Pascal's Triangle
Binomial Theorem


And that is all!


Other Algebra topics that may interest you now:

PRE ----ALGEBRA BY. MWL. JAPHET MASATU.

PRE---ALGEBRA.

Here you can learn about:

Patterns...

Pattern Match Patterns
Number Patterns

Big and small numbers ...

1.23 Place Value
Decimal Numbers
Rounding
Scientific Notation

Handling negative numbers ...

plus,plus Add and Subtract Positive and Negative Numbers
Multiplying Negative Numbers

Doing Calculations ...

Associative, Commutative and Distributive Laws
Order of Operations - PEMDAS
, or BODMAS
Open and Closed Sentences
Reciprocals
Absolute Value

Using Inequalities (less than, greater than) ...

Equal, Greater or Less Than
Comparing Numbers

Using Exponents ...

42 Squares and Square Roots
What is an Exponent?

Negative Exponents

Factors and Multiples ...

3 x 2 = 6 Factors and Multiples
Greatest Common Factor
Least Common Multiple

Ratios and Proportions ...

Ratios
Proportions

Fractions and Percents ...

% Fractions
Percents

Rational and Irrational ...

Rational and Irrational Numbers


How to Estimate answers ...

? Introduction to Estimation
Estimation Tips and Tricks
Visual Estimation
Estimation Games

Some examples using Pre-Algebra ...

Here are some subjects where you can use your new skills:
Celsius and Fahrenheit
Interest

ALGEBRA 1----- BASIC MATHEMATICS ---- THE UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA.

ALGEBRA  1----BASIC   MATHEMATICS.


balance Algebra is great fun - you get to solve puzzles!
With computer games you play by running, jumping or finding secret things. Well, with Algebra you play with letters, numbers and symbols, and you also get to find secret things!

And once you learn some of the "tricks", it becomes a fun challenge to work out how to use your skills in solving each "puzzle". equation
algebra girl

The Basics


algebra boy

Exponents



Simplifying



Factoring



Logarithms



algebra girl

Polynomials



Linear Equations



algebra girl

Quadratic Equations



Functions



Sequences and Series