OLL 336 : ADVANCED ENGLISH SYNTAX----PAST PAPERS---THE OPEN UNIVERSITY OF TANZANIA----- ( PDF )

OLL 121 / 131 : LANGUAGE AND LINGUISTIC STUDY----PAST PAPERS----THE OPEN UNIVERSITY OF TANZANIA----- ( PDF )

OLL 223 : MORPHOLOGY-----PAST PAPERS---THE OPEN UNIVERSITY OF TANZANIA------ ( PDF )

BIOLOGY 2 ----FORM SIX ( F 6 )----ECOLOGY--STUDY NOTES---TANZANIA----- ( PDF )

BIOLOGY 2---FORM SIX ( F 6 )----EVOLUTION---STUDY NOTES---TANZANIA----- ( PDF )

KISWAHILI 2---FORM SIX ( F 6 )---FASIHI KWA UJUMLA---STUDY NOTES---TANZANIA----- ( PDF )

KISWAHILI 2---FORM SIX ( F 6 )---MAENDELEO YA FASIHI SIMULIZI----STUDY NOTES----TANZANIA------- ( PDF )

KISWAHILI 1---FORM FIVE ( F 5 )---MATUMIZI YA SARUFI---STUDY NOTES---TANZANIA------ ( PDF )

KISWAHILI 2---FORM SIX ( F 6 )---DONDOO ZA USANIFU WA MAANDISHI---STUDY NOTES---TANZANIA---- ( PDF )

KISWAHILI 1----FORM FIVE ( F 5 )---TAFASIRI NA UKALIMANI----STUDY NOTES---TANZANIA------- ( PDF )

KISWAHILI 1----FORM FIVE ( F 5 )-----MAENDELEO YA KISWAHILI-----STUDY NOTES----TANZANIA----- ( PDF )

KISWAHILI 1----FORM FIVE ( F 5 )-----MAENDELEO YA KISWAHILI-----STUDY NOTES----TANZANIA------ ( PDF )

KISWAHILI 1----FORM FIVE ( F 5 )----UTUMIZI WA LUGHA-----STUDY NOTES---TANZANIA---- ( PDF )

KISWAHILI--KIDATO CHA PILI ( F 2 )---MTIHANI WA KUJIANDAA NA UPIMAJI WA MTIHANI WA TAIFA----TANZANIA---- ( PDF )

KISWAHILI---FORM FOUR ( F 4 ) PRE---NATIONAL EXAMINATION----AUGUST , 2019----KIBAHA DISTRICT COUNCIL----TANZANIA------( PDF )

ADVANCED GEOGRAPHY 2---SOIL DEGRADATION AND CONSERVATION----STUDY NOTES---TANZANIA------ ( PDF )

ADVANCED GEOGRAPHY 2---FORM SIX ( F 6 )---AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT------STUDY NOTES---TANZANIA--- ( PDF )

ADVANCED GEOGRAPHY 2--FORM SIX ( F 6 )----POPULATION AND DEVELOPMENT-----STUDY NOTES----- ( PDF )

ADVANCED GEOGRAPHY 2---FORM SIX ( F 6 )--SUSTAINABLE MINING--STUDY NOTES---TANZANIA---- ( PDF )

ADVANCED GEOGRAPHY 2----FORM SIX ( F 6 )---REGIONAL FOCAL STUDIES---SUSTAINABLE FISHING----STUDY NOTES---TANZANIA------- ( PDF )

ADVANCED GEOGRAPHY 2---FORM SIX ( F 6 )---REGIONAL FOCAL STUDIES----SUSTAINABLE USE OF FORESTRY----STUDY NOTES---TANZANIA------- ( PDF )

ADVANCED GEOGRAPHY 2----FORM SIX ( F 6 )----REGIONAL FOCAL STUDIES---ENVIRONMENTAL FRIENDLY TOURISM----STUDY NOTES--TANZANIA------ ( PDF )

ADVANCED GEOGRAPHY 2---FORM SIX ( F 6 )----RIVER BASIN DEVELOPMENT---STUDY NOTES---TANZANIA------ ( PDF )

ADVANCED GEOGRAPHY 2---FORM SIX ( F 6 )---MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY---STUDY NOTES---TANZANIA---- ( PDF )

ADVANCED GEOGRAPHY 2---TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATION-----STUDY NOTES----TANZANIA------ ( PDF )

ADVANCED GEOGRAPHY 2---FORM SIX ( F 6 )---ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES AND CONSERVATION----STUDY NOTES----TANZANIA------ ( PDF )

ADVANCED GEOGRAPHY 2---FORM SIX ( F 6 )---WATER MASSES----STUDY NOTES---TANZANIA----- ( PDF )

ADVANCED GEOGRAPHY 2----FORM SIX ( F 6 )---PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY----STUDY OF SOIL---STUDY NOTES-----TANZANIA------ ( PDF )

ADVANCED GEOGRAPHY 2---FORM SIX ( F 6 )----SPACE DYNAMIC -----STUDY NOTES---TANZANIA------- ( PDF )

ADVANCED GEOGRAPHY 2------FORM SIX ( F 6 )---SUSTAINABLE USE OF FUEL AND POWER-----STUDY NOTES----TANZANIA---------- ( PDF )

ADVANCED GEOGRAPHY 2 : FORM SIX ( F 6 )---CLIMATOLOGY----STUDY NOTES----TANZANIA-------- ( PDF )

ADVANCED GEOGRAPHY 1---FORM FIVE ( F 5 )---SURVEY---STUDY NOTES----TANZANIA------- ( PDF )

ADVANCED GEOGRAPHY 1----FORM FIVE ( F 5 )----PHOTOGRAPHS INTERPRETATIONS----STUDY NOTES----TANZANIA------ ( PDF )

ADVANCED GEOGRAPHY 1----FORM FIVE ( F 5 )-----TOPOGRAPHICAL MAP INTERPRETATION -----STUDY NOTES-------TANZANIA-------- ( PDF )

ADVANCED GEOGRAPHY 1----FORM FIVE ( F 5 )------POSITION , BEHAVIOURS AND STRUCTURE OF THE EARTH -------STUDY NOTES----TANZANIA--------- ( PDF )

PHYSICS 1---FORM FIVE ( F 5 )---SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION---- ( PART 3 )------STUDY NOTES---TANZANIA-------- ( PDF )

PHYSICS 1---FORM FIVE ( F 5 )----SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION -----STUDY NOTES----TANZANIA--------- ( PDF )

PHYSICS 1---FORM FIVE ( F 5 )---SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION---- ( PART 1 )---STUDY NOTES----TANZANIA------- ( PDF )

PHYSICS 1---FORM FIVE ( F 5 )----ROTATION OF RIGID BODIES-----STUDY NOTES-----TANZANIA-------( PDF )

PHYSICS 1---FORM FIVE ( F 5 )----FLUID IN MOTION----STUDY NOTES----TANZANIA---------- ( PDF )

PHYSICS 1---FORM FIVE ( F 5 )---HEAT 1 ( PART 1 )----STUDY NOTES---TANZANIA------- ( PDF )

PHYSICS 1---FORM FIVE ( F 5 )---HEAT 1 ( PART 2 )----STUDY NOTES---TANZANIA----------- ( PDF )

PHYSICS 1----FORM FIVE ( F 5 )-----HEAT 1 ( PART 3 )-----STUDY NOTES----TANZANIA ----------- ( PDF )

PHYSICS 1---FORM FIVE ( F 5 )---TOPIC---WAVE MOTION 1---STUDY NOTES ----TANZANIA------- ( PDF )

PHYSICS 1 : FORM FIVE ( F 5 ) : TOPIC----STATIC ELECTRICITY ----STUDY NOTES----TANZANIA---------- ( PDF )

PHYSICS 1 : FORM FIVE ( F 5 ) : TOPIC : SURFACE TENSION-----STUDY NOTES-----TANZANIA------ ( PDF )

ENGLISH LANGUAGE COURSE----( A )---HOMES ,FAMILIES , PEOPLE , OCCUPATIONS , PLACES , RECEPTACLES , CLASSIFICATION , GRADATION , WORDS OF SOUNDS , WORDS OF MOTIONS OF ANIMALS , WORDS OF CHARACTERISTICS OF ANIMALS------------------- ( PDF )

KISWAHILI--KIDATO CHA NNE ( F 4 )---AGOSTI , 2019 ---MTIHANI WA KUJIPIMA------WILAYA YA MONDULI-----ARUSHA----TANZANIA------- ( WORD )

MBINU ZA KUJIBU MASWALI : UCHAMBUZI NA UHAKIKI :USHAIRI, RIWAYA / HADITHI NA TAMTILIYA-----KIDATO CHA 3 & 4

Wanafunzi na watahiniwa wanapopata swali katika mitihani wanajukumu kubwa la kulielewa kablaya kulijibu.

Endapo mtahiniwa atakuwa anajibu swali lolote bila kulielewa matokeo yake ni hasara; atashindwa mitihani! Kushindwa si lengo la mtahiniwa yeyote yule. Ili kukwepa hilo, mtahiniwa lazima awe makini.

Mara nyingi maswali yanayoulizwa kwa watahiniwa ni yale yanayozingatia mkondo maalum. Mtahiniwa anaweza kuambiwa aanzishe, abainishe, ajadili, aeleze, alinganishe, ajadili, aeleze, alinganishe, afafanue, aonyeshe, atofautishe na kadhalika. Tunadokeza mbinu kadhaa ambazo ni za msingi katika kujibu maswali ya mtihani. 

· Maswali ya Kujadili

Kujadili ni kuhoji, kuuliza au kusaili. Suala la kujadili linahusu pande mbili. Kwa nini jambo limetokea? Kwa kawaida hutolewa kauli fulani ambayo mwanafunzi anatakiwa akubali au akatae; au yote kwa pamoja. Ni muhimu kuelewa yafuatayo:

· Swali linataka nini hasa?
· Je, kuna mambo chanya?
· Je, kuna mambo hasi? Yepi ambayo yanatakiwa kutajwa?

· Maswali ya Kulinganisha

Kulinganisha kunahitaji mambo makuu mawili. Mambo haya ni

(a) Yale yanayoeleza kufanana kwa vipengele vilivyo katika vitu tofauti na

(b) Kutofautiana kwa mambo katika vitu hivyo viwili. Baada ya kulinganisha kama swali linavyotaka, hatua nyingine muhimu ni kuangalia ufanisi wa kazi zote/vitu vyote viwili.

Maswali yanatakiwa yajibiwe kwa kufuata mtindo wa insha. Kila kipengele kinachojadiliwa kinatakiwa kihusishwe katika vitabu vyote ambavyo  vinahusishwa katika   swali.

UHAKIKI WA RIWAYA YA WASIFU WA SITI BINTI SAAD-----Na Shaaban Robert

KUHUSU SHAABAN ROBERT / ABOUT SHAABAN ROBERT

Shaaban Robert is to the Swahili language what Shakespeare was to English. Acclaimed as the national poet, his publications have always been the touchstone of beauty of language, purity of spirit, and deep wisdom informed by African and Swahili culture in particular, but imbued with respect for and understanding of other cultures. Most prominent of his work is Kusadikika (To be believed), an allegorical work of an imaginary country or state in which injustices are perpetrated against all notions of justice, law and humanity. Published at the height of colonial occupation in Tanzania.

Shaaban Robert kwa lugha ya Kiswahili ni sawa na Shakespeare kwa lugha ya Kiingereza. Akikubalika kama mshairi wa taifa, vitabu vyake daima vimekuwa kipimo cha juu cha uhondo wa lugha, usafi wa nia na hekima kutokana na utamaduni hususan wa Kiafrika na Waswahili lakini pia kwa jnsi alivyoelewa na kusheshimu tamadui nyingine. Katika vitabu vyake Kusadikika ndicho maarufu kushinda vyote. Hii ni hadithi ya kiistara juu ya nchi ambako dhuluma inatawala kinyume na haki, sheria na utu. Kitabu kilichapishwa wakati ukoloni umetanda nchini Tanzania.

WASIFU WA SITI BINTI SAAD-----RIWAYA / HADITHI-----BY SHAABAN ROBERT

Siti binti Saad alikuwa mwanamke wa kwanza Zanzibar kusimama jukwaani na kuimba nyimbo za taarab. Katika kitabu hiki, Shaaban Robert anaelezea juu ya maisha ya umaskini na hali ya chini aliyoishi msanii huyu, katika jamii ya Zanzibar iliyokitwa na tabaka za kijamii miaka ya kwanza ya karne ya ishirini. Licha ya kuwa sura yake ati haikuwa nzuri, alifikia hali ya juu ya nyota wa uimbaji wa taarabu akapendwa na wapenda taarabu si Zanzibar tu na Afrika ya Mashariki, lakini pia alipendwa hadi Misri na India. Kwa wapenzi wa taarab bado ni malkia, sawa na alivyokuwa Om Kulthum wa Misri. 

 Siti binti Saad was the first woman Taarab singer in Zanzibar. In this book Shaaban Robert looks at the background of the singer: poverty and low birth, in a society riven by class and race in early 20th century Zanzibar. Despite her so-called bad looks, she became a star whose voice was recognised and loved by many, not only in Zanzibar and East Africa, but as far as Egypt and India. She was and remains to taarab lovers, the equivalent of Egypt’s Om Kulthoum.

ENGLISH LANGUAGE---STANDARD SEVEN ( STD 7 )---MOCK EXAMINATION----DAR ES SALAAM---TANZANIA-------- ( PDF )

SAYANSI---DARASA LA SABA ( STD 7 )---2019----MTIHANI WA UTAMILIFU---MOCK----MKOA WA DAR ES SALAAM----TANZANIA--------------- ( PDF )

MAARIFA YA JAMII---DARASA LA SABA ( STD 7 )--2019---MTIHANI WA UTAMILIFU / MOCK-----MKOA WA DAR ES SALAAM----TANZANIA--------- ( PDF )

FORMAT---DIPLOMA IN SECONDARY EDUCATION IN SPECIAL NEEDS EDUCATION ( DSE---SNE ) EXAMINATION FORMATS------ISSUED BY NECTA , AUGUST , 2012 --------- ( PDF )

FORMAT---DIPLOMA IN SECONDARY EDUCATION EXAMINATION FORMATS ( DSEE )----ISSUED BY NECTA , SEPTEMBER , 2010 ---------TANZANIA----- ( PDF )

FOMATI ZA MITIHANI YA UALIMU KWA NGAZI YA CHETI ( DARAJA LA A )---GATCE---GRADE A TEACHERS CERTIFICATE EXAMINATION FORMATS----IMETOLEWA NA NECTA, SEPTEMBA 2010--------- ( PDF )

NEW FORMAT---FORM TWO ( F 2 ) NATIONAL ASSESSMENT FORMATS ( FTNA )ISSUED BY NECTA , JANUARY , 2017--------TANZANIA-------------- ( PDF )

NEW FORMAT FORM FOUR ( F 4 )---CERTIFICATE OF SECONDARY EDUCATION EXAMINATION FORMATS---REVISED BY NECTA, FEBRUARY , 2019 -----TANZANIA------ ( PDF )

THE FORMAT FOR STANDARD FOUR ( STD 4 ) NATIONAL ASSESSMENT ( SFNA )---ISSUED BY NECTA , 2018 -----FOR ENGLISH MEDIUM PRIMARY SCHOOLS-----TANZANIA-------- ( PDF )

FOMATI MPYA YA UPIMAJI WA MTIHANI WA KITAIFA DARASA LA NNE-( STD 4---SFNA )--IMETOLEWA NA NECTA , FEBRUARI , 2018 -------TANZANIA------ ( PDF)

FOMATI MPYA YA MTIHANI WA KUMALIZA ELIMU YA MSINGI----NEW PRIMARY SCHOOL LEAVING EXAMINATION ( PSLE ) FORMAT----IMEREKEBISHWA , FEBRUARI , 2018 -------TANZANIA--------- ( PDF )

SHAIRI : LOLIONDO KWA BABU

Habari natangazia, Kuwapatia uhondo

Nchini Tanzania,   Kijiji cha  Loliondo
Watu viguu na njia, Wanoenda kwa vishindo
Kiongozi wa kanisa, Siku hizi anaganga
Siku imepambazuka, Naamshwa kwa kelele
Najifunga yangu shuka, Kutazama walo mbele
Tayari washazunguka, Kwa Kasisi Ambakile
Kiongozi wa kanisa, Siku hizi anaganga
Miujiza imefika,  Babu yeye keshaota
Wote mloathirika, Anzeni kujikokota
Loliondo mkifika,  Mizizi inatokota
Kiongozi wa kanisa, Siku hizi anaganga
Iwapo una nafasi,  Usiende mhimbili
Ondoa na wasiwasi, Loliondo kuna dili
Dawa bei ni rahisi, Kikombe ni buku mbili
Kiongozi wa kanisa, Siku hizi anaganga
Kashinda madakitari, Walosoma hadi ng’ambo
Magonjwa yote hatari, Yalokuwepo kitambo
Eti mpaka kisukari,  kweli babu ana mambo
Kiongozi wa kanisa, Siku hizi anaganga
Ukimwi unatutisha, Ugonjwa kama adhabu
Waganga wamechemsha, Kutafuta matibabu
Kama mbinu zimekwisha, Kajaribuni kwa babu
Kiongozi wa kanisa, Siku hizi anaganga
Kwa babu kuna vioja, Kabla kutoa tiba
Hutangaza yake hoja, Dawa msije kuiba
Mnapata mara moja, Sio kunywa mkashiba
Kiongozi wa kanisa, Siku hizi anaganga
Wala msifanye pupa,  Walokwenda ni umati
Babu dawa akikupa,  Kunywa  kwa kombe la bati
Usipeleke na chupa, Ukayavunja  masharti
Kiongozi wa kanisa, Siku hizi anaganga
Aponya kila madhara, Hili wengi wanakiri
Pengine ni  biashara, Katumia muhubiri
Kujitoa  ufukara,  Ajipe na utajiri
Kiongozi wa kanisa, Siku hizi anaganga
Mara bibi wa tabora, keshaibuka na yake
Kujiona ndio bora, Na yeye afaidike
Watu kweli ni wakora, Jamani tuwajibike
Kiongozi wa kanisa, Siku hizi anaganga
Sijui kama ya kweli, Msije mkasusia
Mi nahisi utapeli,  Mbuzi ndani ya gunia
Dawa sijaikubali,   Maajabu ya dunia?
Kiongozi wa kanisa, Siku hizi anaganga
Namefika kaditama,  Dawa zinanitatiza
Babu ataniandama,  Malenga kuniapiza
Ninaogopa lawama,  Shairi nimemaliza
Kiongozi wa kanisa, Siku hizi anaganga
HAMZA A. MOHAMMED

KISWAHILI---DARASA LA SABA ( STD 7 )--JUNI , 2019----MTIHANI WA PILI WA UTAMILIFU / MOCK----MAHIRI DEVELOPMENT PLATFORM ( MADEP )------TANZANIA------ ( PDF )

KISWAHILI----DARASA LA SABA ( STD 7 )----JULAI , 2017----MTIHANI WA UTAMILIFU / MOCK-----MKOA WA SINGIDA---TANZANIA------- ( WORD )

KISWAHILI 1---KIDATO CHA SITA ( F 6 )----AGOSTI , 2018---MTIHANI WA KABLA YA MTIHANI WA UTAMILIFU / MOCK--SAME NA MWANGA ( SAMWASSES )---TANZANIA-------- ( WORD )

KISWAHILI 2--KIDATO CHA SITA ( F 6 )--SEPTEMBA , 2018---MTIHANI WA KABLA YA MTIHANI WA UTAMILIFU---SAME NA MWANGA ( SAMWASSES )---TANZANIA----- ( PDF )

SWALI--Fafanua Maana Ya Fasihi Simulizi Kwa Kurejelea Maoni Ya Wataalamu Tofauti--------( WORD )

MADA---Fasihi Elektroniki -----Matokeo Ya Maendeleo Ya Sayansi Na Teknolojia------- ( WORD )

KISWAHILI---DARASA LA SABA ( STD 7 )---MASWALI YA KUJIPIMA-----TANZANIA----- ( PDF )

TRIAL EXAMINATIONS---STANDARD FOUR ( STD 4 )--( C ) ----MATHEMATICS, ENGLISH LANGUAGE , CIVIC AND MORAL EDUCATION , SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, KISWAHILI , SOCIAL STUDIES----FOR ENGLISH MEDIUM PRIMARY SCHOOLS---TANZANIA------ ( PDF )

SWALI : Kwa Kutumia Mifano Eleza tofauti kati ya Fasihi Ya Kiswahili Na Fasihi Kwa Kiswahili ------FASIHI YA KISWAHILI NA FASIHI KWA KISWAHILI ------------------( PDF )

ELIMU YA DINI YA KIISLAMU 2---KIDATO CHA NNE ( F 4 )---CSEE, NECTA 2018----NOVEMBA-----TANZANIA-------- ( PDF )

ELIMU YA DINI YA KIISLAMU 1---KIDATO CHA NNE ( F 4 )---CSEE--NECTA 2018----NOVEMBA----TANZANIA------- ( PDF )

ARABIC LANGUAGE---FORM FOUR ( F 4 )---CSEE--NECTA 2018 -----NOVEMBER ------TANZANIA------ ( PDF )

AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE 2 ( PRACTICAL )----FORM FOUR ( F 4 )---CSEE--NECTA---2018----NOVEMBER---TANZANIA---------- ( PDF )

AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE 1----FORM FOUR ( F 4 )--CSEE ,NECTA , 2018 NOVEMBER----TANZANIA------ ( PDF )

KISWAHILI 2--KIDATO CHA SITA ( F 6 )---MTIHANI WA ROBO MUHULA---AGOSTI , 2019---SHULE YA SEKONDARI SHAABAN ROBERT----TANZANIA-------- ( WORD )

PHYSICS-----ADVANCED SYLLABUS---FOR FORM 5 ----6 , 2017-------TANZANIA-------- ( PDF )

LUGHA YA KISWAHILI : NADAHARIA ZA CHIMBUKO LA NGANO / MASIMULIZI ------------- ( PDF )

KISWAHILI--KIDATO CHA NNE ( F 4 )---MTIHANI WA UTAMILIFU--MOCK----AGOSTI , 2019----SHULE YA SEKONDARI SHAABAN ROBERT , DAR ES SALAAM --TANZANIA------ ( PDF )

MASHAIRI YA MNYAMPALA---DIWANI YA MNYAMPALA-----BY MATHIAS E. MNYAMPALA--------TANZANIA---------- ( PDF )

KISWAHILI---KIDATO CHA PILI ( F 2 )----MTIHANI WA UTAMILIFU / MOCK---2109---HALMASHAURI YA MJI KASULU --KIGOMA----TANZANIA------- ( WORD )

FORM TWO ( F 2 ) MOCK EXAMINATIONS----AUGUST , 2019---KISWAHILI , ENGLISH LANGUAGE , CIVICS , HISTORY , GEOGRAPHY , BIOLOGY , CHEMISTRY , PHYSICS , BASIC MATHEMATICS-----TAMONGSCO HIGHLANDS ZONE ACADEMIC COMMITTEE-----TANZANIA ------- ( PDF )

OSW 121 / 131 : UTANGULIZI WA LUGHA NA ISIMU---FULL STUDY NOTES / MODULE---CHUO KIKUU HURIA CHA TANZANIA-------- ( PDF )

UANDISHI WA RATIBA------NUKUU / DONDOO

KATIBA YA JAMHURI YA MUUNGANO WA TANZANIA YA MWAKA 1977 ----------TANZANIA------------(-PDF }

PASSED LIKE A SHADOW---A NOVEL ANALYSIS---FORMS 3 & 4---BY BERNARD MAPALALA------TANZANIA------- ( PDF )

SPARED---A NOVEL ANALYSIS---FORMS 3 & 4-----BY S.N. NDUNGURU ------------------( PDF )

AGRICULTURE TEACHING METHODS---FEBRUARY , 2008 ---Diploma In Secondary Education Examination ( DSEE )------TANZANIA------- ( PDF )

KISWAHILI---KIDATO CHA NNE ( F 4 )---JULAI , 2019---MTIHANI WA KWANZA KWA MAANDALIZI YA MTIHANI WA TAIFA----MBEZI BEACH SECONDARY SCHOOL---TANZANIA--- ( PDF )

KISWAHILI--KIDATO CHA NNE ( F 4 )--JULAI , 2019---MUUNDO MPYA----KAIZIREGE NA KEMEBOS SEKONDARI----TANZANIA----- ( WORD )

LUGHA NA UTAMADUNI---NADHARIA YA SAPIR ---WHORF

Mnamo karne ya 20 wanaisimu mahiri waitwao Edaward Sapir na Benjamin Whorf walitafiti lugha za Amerindia Amerika kaskazini na kugundua kuwa miundo ya msamiati na ya kisarufi ya lugha hizi haifanani kabisa na ile ya lugha ya kiingereza na lugha nyenginezo za Ulaya na Asia. Hivyo wakapendekeza nadharia isemayo kwamba  Lugha hutawala namna ya wazungumzaji wake waionavyo dunia. Ukichunguza baadhi ya misamiati ya wana lugha fulani utakuta kuwa yapo maneno pekee yanayowakilisha yale wayaonayo mbele ya macho yao au mazingira yao tu na kutokuwepo kwa neno kuna maanisha kwamba jambo hilo halipo ‘machoni’ pao. Sawa na kusema kuwa ‘lisilokuwepo machoni na moyoni halipo’. Nadharia hiyo ya Sapir- Wholf, inayojulikana kama nadharia ya Taathira lugha inaunga mkono mawazo ya awali ya Willian von Humbolt (1767-1835) pale aliposema kuwa ‘lugha ya mtu hutawala mawazo yake’. Si wote wanaokubaliana moja kwa moja na ule mtazamo kuwa lugha hufinyanga uoni wetu wa dunia, wao huchukulia kwamba lugha ‘huakisi’ utamaduni wa wazungumzaji wake. Mjadala huu unaendelea na wanafunzi wana fursa ya kuendelea nao na kuuchambua kwa kufatilia kazi mashuhuri ya hivi karibuni ya George Lakoff na Mark Johnson (1980) iitwayo Metaphors We Live By ambayo ina unga mkono mawazo kuwa lugha hutawala uoni wetu wa mazingira yanayotuzunguuka wanasema kuwa:

Dhana tulizonazo huunda kile tukionacho, kutuzunguuka na kinachotuhusu. Mfumo wa dhana ndiyo muhimili wa jinsi tuionavyo dunia yetu ya kila siku.

Nida ( 1986) anasema kuwa, lugha ni kielelezo cha utamaduni wa wazungumzaji wake na sio muhimili wa uoni wao. Lugha hufuata jamii na wala si kuingoza jamii hiyo (Nida, 1986:11)

Angalia:

• Lugha ni sauti za nasibu zinazotumiwa na watu katika kuwasiliana miongoni mwao.
• Jamimi ni kundi la watu wanaoishi pamoja na wenye kuhusiana kijamii, kikazi au kiuchumi na yenye kutumia lugha moja kwa ajili ya mawsiliano yao.

•  Lugha imefungamana na jamii kiasi kwamba haiwezi kutenganishwa na maisha ya kijamii ya binadamu.

– Isitoshe lugha ni sehemu ya jamii kwani jamii haiwezi kuitumia na kisha kuiacha na kuchukua nyingine.
– Lugha ni kielelezo cha mahusiano ya kijamii yaani hueleza jinsi jamii inavyohusiana na mazingira yao halisi na namna wanajamii wanavyohusiana wenyewe kwa wenyewe.
– Lugha hubadilika  kulingana na mabadiliko ya kijamii. Pamoja na uhusiano huu baina ya jamii na lugha, hakuna uhusiano wa moja kwa moja baina ya lugha na jamii kwa sababu:
i) Lugha sio lazima iwe ya watu wa jamii ile ile. Mathalani Kiswahili sio lugha ya Waswahili peke yao.
ii) Watu wanaoishi katika nchi sio lazima wawe wa asili ya nchi hiyo, kwa hivyo jina la jamii yao haiwezi kuwiana na lugha wanayoongea.
iii) Lugha moja huwa na vilugha kadha ndani mwake, mathalani lugha ya Kiingereza ina viingereza yaani lahaja kadha, mfano: Kiskochi, Kikoknii, Kilancastar n.k.
iv) Kuna jamii yenye jina tofauti na lugha wanayozungumza, mathalani Marekani hawazungumzi Kimarekani bali Kiingereza, Tanzania   kuna Kiswahili na sio Kitanzania

SHAIRI : NAKUENZI KAMBARAGE

SHAIRI : NAKUENZI KAMBARAGE
**********
Siwezi kukukumbuka,
kimya kimya mtukuka,
mwelekezi muafaka,
u wa maana hakika,
ut’endelea tajika,
milele yote milele.
****
Kwa dhati toka moyoni,
ni shahidi Maanani,
Baba ali mhisani,
wa wanyonge niamini,
alikuwa ni makini,
wa haki za binadamu.
****
Nyerere wetu shujaa,
Afrika aliifaa,
wasifa wake wajaa,
yote yote mataifaa,
mengi mema ulifanzaa,
nakuenzi Kambarage.
****
Shukurani Maanani,
kunigea tungo hini,
nikimtaja mwendani,
aliyeko mtimani,
kulla wa bora imani,
amkumbuke Nyerere.
***
Rwaka rwa Kagarama,
Mshairi Mnyarwanda.

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