Q. Globalization has affected our Tanzanian culture. Show how this process has affected Tanzanian Culture.

ANSWER:

---Define  globalization/ What  is  globalization ?

----causes   of  globalization

---aspects  of globalization

---Effects  of  globalization on Tanzanian  culture.

Globalization (or globalisation) is the process of international integration arising from the interchange of world views, products, ideas and other aspects of culture. Advances in transportation and telecommunications infrastructure, including the rise of the telegraph and its posterity the Internet, are major factors in globalization, generating further interdependence of economic and cultural activities.  

 OR

Globalization is a process of interaction and integration among the people, companies, and governments of different nations, a process driven by international trade and investment and aided by information technology. This process has effects on the environment, on culture, on political systems, on economic development and prosperity, and on human physical well-being in societies around the world.

Globalization is not new, though. For thousands of years, people—and, later, corporations—have been buying from and selling to each other in lands at great distances, such as through the famed Silk Road across Central Asia that connected China and Europe during the Middle Ages. Likewise, for centuries, people and corporations have invested in enterprises in other countries. In fact, many of the features of the current wave of globalization are similar to those prevailing before the outbreak of the First World War in 1914.

What are the positive aspects of globalization?

Followings are the positive Aspects of Globalization:-

i. As more money is poured into developing countries, there is a greater chance for the people in those countries to economically succeed and increase their standard of living.

ii. Global competition encourages creativity and innovation and keeps prices for commodities/services in check.

iii. Developing countries are able to reap the benefits of current technology without undergoing many of the growing pains associated with development of these technologies.

iv. Governments are able to better work together towards common goals now that there is an advantage in cooperation, an improved ability to interact and coordinate, and a global awareness of issues.

v. There is a greater access to foreign culture in the form of movies, music, food, clothing, and more. In short, the world has more choices.

Now, have a look on the positive aspects of the impact of globalization on economy, society and culture and education one by one-

Economy:

In most of the developing countries, the economic policies had not been yielding good results, especially for the poorer sections. The gap between the rich and the poor had constantly been on the rise. Due to lack of competition, the big business houses had been selling average products at high prices.

In other words, the consumers were not getting the best products available in other countries at much cheaper prices. The monopoly of the internal big industrialists and business houses was not meant for any special benefits to the common people. This can be illustrated by the example of the television industry in India.

Politics, Society and Culture :

The debate over the desirability or otherwise of fixing parameters of developed socio-cultural systems, is an everlasting one. One set of scholars has been coming up "Ideal Types' or the systems having the most desirable socio-political and cultural traits. These scholars suggest that all the societies should make conscious efforts to acquire the traits of the 'ideal' system. They also suggest that the pre-modern traits should be shed-off.

On the other hand, there are scholars who argue that every society and every culture has its virtues, and that, "ideal types" should not be imposed upon. They advocate for the right of every group to preserve its own socio-cultural and political characteristics.

In short, even though scholars may disagree on "Ideal Types", they all agree on the desirability of equality and justice becoming the basis of any socio- cultural and political system.

Education :

Eduction provides knowledge and prepares people to adjust to, or if necessary, mould the environment in which he/she lives. Globalisation will help in making the obsolete education systems up-to-date. Knowledge of the latest events, technologies, facts, developments, discoveries and human endeavours is essential for the development of any society. With the-demolition of restrictions/barriers, universities and institutions of the developed countries will be offering their knowledge in the less developed ones through pranchise or partnerships with local universities/institutions.

Causes and effects of Globalization

First of all Globalization is a positive thing and it benefits a country who, for example, specializes in a certain product and then exchange that good with other countries. But it does not only have positive aspects..also the disadvantages have to be noticed i regard to to this topic.

Economic integration and free trade conditions have produced an unstoppable movement towards economic globalization. Most economists applaud the trend, pointing to the modernization and growing wealth that have resulted. But many countries have been forgotten or have even been harmed by globalization. So what have been the positive and negative effects of this globalization trend?

First of all the principal cause and effect of globalization is international trade, which has expanded substantially. A growing trade has often been followed by higher economic growth, although not in all cases. For example: Annual growth rates of GDP in East and Southeast Asia were 6-8 and in Latin America and Sub-Saharan Africa they averaged less than half a percent per year.

On the other hand there is the unemployment effect. While growing trade has generall created more jobs, the parallel growth in competition has forced many companies to fire their workers in order to cut costs, boost efficiency and increase profits. Especially some less-developed countries had to deal with this negative effect. China, which has experienced a strong economic growth in the last years, has begun to struggle with unemployment, particularly in urban areas. So it becomes obvious that  globalization is also accompied by negative aspects.

Another point which should be considered when talking about globalization is the income distribution. Experts suggest that the increased trade between North and South has reduced income inequality among skilled and semi-skilled workers in the South . On the other hand it has increased the inequality among such workers in the North. This is because manufactured exports from the South raise demand and wages for workers with only limited skills and education. But the effect in the North is the opposite. There the service and technology industries pay top wages to highly skilled workers but have little use for semi-skilled labor.

There are a lot of other fields where it becomes clear that globalization is followed by a lot of advantages, but also disadvantages. Overall it can be said that globalization appears to have deepened inequalities in the international distribution of income.

IMPACT OF GLOBALIZATION IN RURAL AND URBAN SETTING

The impact globalization has divided into main two parts such as positive impact and negative impact in developing countries like Tanzania. And these two parts explained in rural setting and Urban setting as follows :-

RURAL SETTING

The following are the positive impact of globalization on Rural setting in Tanzania:-

Emergence and development of health services in rural areas. Before 1990 Tanzania had no policy of health in rural areas. But after that period, health services policies introduced in 1990 and 2003 whereby as the impact of globalization spread in Tanzania. The main objective of health policies in Tanzania is “to improve the health and well-being of all Tanzanians with a focus on those most risk and encourage the health system to be more responsible to the need  of people”, Also promote adequate nutrition, and control diseases in rural areas. In order to look the well-being of the rural setting government proposed a policy of building health centre and dispensaries all villages in Tanzania. Due to that policy, now days there is a lote of medical centre under private sectors which provide easily to the rural people, (Msambichaka, Mwamba and Mashindano, 2006).

Development of agriculture activities. Through globalization, influencing the development and improvement of agricultural substitute whereby used to increase production of crops. Globalization through aspect of free trade increases competition on production of crops which resulting to the government of Tanzania to insist Tanzanians farmers to increase production under the policy of “KILIMO KWANZA”, a policy of President Dr. J. M. Kikwete. So, due to existence of “KILIMO KWANZA” people are being encouraged to produce enough so as to compete with other countries all over the world. Therefore, the development of agriculture production through the use of mechanized tools like Tractors, Caterpillars, and modern fertilizers increases crops which lead to improve life of rural people in Tanzania. et al.

Development of information and communication technology. Globalization helping the rural people to communicate with other people in other parts of the world through telephone line such as Vodacom, Airtell, Tigo and Zantel which existed in most rural areas all over the country. Also they use internet to see how other people are producing their crops and which technology being used, also they communicate with others through watching television and radios by using digital system. So, de to the existence of communication among Tanzania increases knowledge on production activities and finding outside markets. Taking Radio Free Africa as, they have program of “ZINDUKA” in Saturday evening which explaining much on how to increase production of crops and livestock keeping in Tanzania. Et al.

Fighting against rural poverty through Rural finance. Due to penetration of globalization ideas in Tanzania, rural people are encouraging to form a small group of people of not more than 400 members and they contributing so as to upgrade the well-being of the group, (Msambichaka, Mwamba, and Mashindano, 2006). The names of groups based on financial is called SACCOS whereby Tanzania Government through “MKUKUTA” policy of reducing poverty under President J. M. Kikwete, allowed to give loans called “MABILIONI YA KIKWETE” those group which has been organized and formed. Thereafter given that loan as a group SACCO’s member advised to request loans from that SACCOS so as to reduce the level of poverty in rural setting of Tanzania, (Speech of President Jakaya M. Kikwete, October, 2010 during election campaigns in Njombe Town).

Advancement of Transport and communication system. Up to the early of 1980’s the level of development of Transport system was poor compared to now days under Globalization period. Most of roads during that time were for seasonally especially during dry season. But after penetration of globalization ideas in Tanzania, now day’s rural areas have been built permanent roads which passed every season. This transport system help rural people to transport they crops from rural areas to industrial areas like Dar es salaam. For example, a road from Bukoba-Mwanza to Dar es salaam has been built and complete in 2011, which help people to transport goods, and their crops easily. Et al.

Through trade liberalization and free markets economy, globalization has stimulated much the utilization of natural resources. These are many companies which are investing in natural resources such as mining companies at Mwadui, Geita, Nzega and Kahama gold mining. Presence of these foregn companies enables Tanzania to tilize resources for the development of her people including rural areas.

The following are the negative impact of Globalization in Rural setting:-

Distraction of culture. Globalization through the use of internet, watching television movies and various film from Western countries including United States of America, people living in rural areas decide to cope the life style of western people which resulting to the distraction of Tanzanians rural culture. For example, for now day’s people have no time to seat with their grandparents so as to learn how when they are young people fighting for life and how they speeded they culture previous period, that’s why it is a normal issue for a young person to stay without greeting those aged people. This is quit difference with rural culture which existed previous time whereby people lived as organ, (Bukagile, G. R, 2008).

The rise of individualism in rural areas and distraction of Extended family. Due to existence of globalization in Tanzania, now days people have no unite, peace and harmony as existed previous in rural areas in Tanzania. This is because of coping western living style and implementing to their society especially rural setting. People live as individual, and the problem of an individual being solved by him/ her within nuclear family. This situation influencing the distraction of extended family where people lived as single family and welcoming Nuclear family which characterizing by high level of individualism. Et al. 

Increase of corruption in rural. Globalization goes hand in hand with free trade whereby people are allowed to trade in any area. Leaders who are the controller of rural development program they take it as advantages whereby they involve on corruption so as to defend the interest of individual but not whole society. People are committing on corruption because there is no laws which abide them to involve on corruption and trading through free trade. This is quit difference during “Arusha Declaration” whereby leaders had not allowed involving on trading. The impact of it is failure of various program including “KILIMO KWANZA” and “MKUKUTA” in Tanzania especially rural areas. This had been proved by the president of Tanzania Dr. Jakaya Mlisho Kikwete during meeting between him and Journalist in Dar es salaam few days before Tanzania Election of 2010 in Diamond Jubilee. Et al.

High degree of poverty in rural. Globalization goes hand in hand with development of computerization, whereby a lot of work which had been performed by a large number of people in a certain office, now days is performing by machine or computer. The impact of it is unemployment to large number of people living in rural areas and increasing level of poverty. Also in agricultural production tools like tractors replacing a large number of human labour, and also the use of harvest machine reducing the large number of labours who required harvesting, hence large number of people remain unemployed. Also on other side now days rural areas are areas where investors investing and take large poison of land as a result people remain landless which lead them to be poor. Et al

Poor marketing of crops. Even though we are era dominated by globalization through advancement of science and technology, the level of technology applying on production of crops are very low compared to other country like developed country. These lead to low quality and poor production of crops in Tanzania rural setting which impacting to poor market. For example, in Tunduru-Ruvuma region, Mtwara and Lindi up to the present they have not sold their cash crops, this is because of poor quality of production and creation poor marketing system in the World Market. Also crops produced by rural people, price of market are planned by World Market Centre, and not a farmer of rural Tanzania to plan what price they want to sell. Et al

URBAN SETTING

The following are the positive impact of globalization on Urban setting introduced by Bukagile, G. R, (2008):-

High availability of social services. Development of globalization goes hand in hand with the development of urbanization whereby becoming the center of social services. Various traders are investing within a country and abroad investing on social services like education, electricity and health services whereby they built hospital. In education now days most of private and public university build in urban areas where they think have high demand compared to rural areas. This is due to large number of people living in urban setting.  These investment influencing high levels of availabilities of social services in urban areas in the cities including Dar es salaam, and Mwanza.

Globalization creating employment. Through investment people got employments opportunities whereby help them to improve standard of living people in urban setting. For example, foregn companies like vodacom, Airtell, Zantel and Tigo hove employed sousand of Tanzanias which help them to improve standard of living people in urban setting.

Introduction of International laws in Tanzania. A contemporary state like Tanzania makes laws which comply with international laws and therefore it abides with them in such a way that it can no longer mistreat her citzen the way it wishes. Issues like human rights, social justices are part of Tanzania constitution, by laws and statutes which effectively started to be used in Tanzania from 1978. and most of courts and advocates are present in urban setting whereby they provide services to the client.

The following are the negative impact of globalization in urban setting:-

Undermined native languages. Now days people living in urban areas has been affected by Kiswahili language whereby they use it as a language of communication all over Tanzania. Vernaculars language like Yao, nyamwezi, Sukuma and Zaramo language are despairing day to day because of tendencies of urban people to speak Kiswahili language and forgetting their local languages. For example, Dar es salaam urban the origin of that area are Zaramo tribe, but it is difcult to listen people’s living their to speak Zaramo language. Also people in urban areas they use English language as a sign to be civilized as outcome of globalization. This is uded most especially educated people,

Increase of migration from rural to urban. Due to poor services available in rural areas, now days people living in rural areas decide to migrate from rural to urban so as to be near with services. Also some people migrate to urban so as to search for employment because in urban areas is the areas where investment is high. The impact of it is high population in urban areas and course unemployment to peoples who living in urban. 

Moral erosion. Due to development of globalization through the use of internet, television, watching movies and film people changing the way of behaving. Now days in urban areas moral has been decay and influenced emergence of behavior like drug abuse, homosexual, violence, prostitution, robbery, raping, and other behavior bright by a Globalization as a result high spread of disease.

Unemployment. Globalization influenced people to move from rural to urban areas. 

Effects of globalisation in Tanzania culture?

1. Expansion of communication devices i.e using mobile phones and computer technology
2. Introduction of new subjects to the Tanzanian curriculum e.g ICT
3. Expansion of social evils
4. Erosion of culture
5. redundancy of workers

THE EFFECTS OF GLOBALIZATION ON AFRICAN CULTURE AND EDUCATION.

Globalization or often called urban migration, has created rigid cultural traditions and education for Africans.During the colonial and the post colonial era,most African cultures and education which has been preserved for generations continued to shine.However those traditional cultures are prevented from facing extinction due globalization .It was predicted that by the year 2000,half of the world pouplation will be living in big towns and cities regardless of their earnings or congested living conditions.Those predictions are now becoming a reality.In Africa globalization has become something that has to be done if one wants to survive.Globalization also named by Radical African economist as "the African Disease" is also another source of economic platform for many Africans especially those who migrated to the Americas and Europe.
Globalization in Africa has both political and economic reason.The political part is based on the frequent wars which has forced many people to migrate to other parts of the countinent for their own security.The second side of the story is based on economic reasons.As the cost of living gets high and the land to farm on are no longer fertile enough for argricultural purposes,indigenous young men and women who traditionally work on these farms are left with no option but to migrate to big cities and towns for survival.The most important part of the situation is, the people in question here end up working and earning for better living conditions
These skillful citizens when they to meet their needs in the densely populated areas in big towns and cities usually never return back to the villages to continue on their trade.The more the indigenous African people migrate the more of their cultutures they either get lost or completely had it over run by the western civilization.The traditional farming system or the traditional cultural life in all its form is very fragile as migration continues to big cities and towns.First in big cities there is no land for a traditional farmer who all in his life has been farming in forest.As a result they could not farm in big cities where every thing is almost done by machines.The rich family traditions which the younger generation always learn from farming to active life style could not be done in big cities or towns.This has affected the traditional life of Africans.
Globalization has also affected the traditional education of Africans.In some big cities where the traditional African educational system has almost become impossible,conditions are growing worst since the elderly who should be teaching are themselves westernized due to migrating to big cities and towns.The situation has left the younger generation in the dark with no future.The normadic life style which could only be done in the villages and small towns are also being affected by globalization.
The Quaranic schools where young children are taught in the traditional way are also impossible in some cities where almost every child attends westernized school schools.Many Africans also believed that African children learn better in the rural areas than big towns and cities.So children who are forced to migrate to the cities are also forced to forsake their rich traditional cultures.However Globalization is not bad as it is seen by many people.It has perfected the Western Education in some countries and for those who globalization has forced to finally settle in Europe and the Americas,brings in new ideas and techenics for a better living condition.
Since Globalization cannot be stopped,the governments and the international communities around the world should make sure that it is done properly for the interest of the normadic and indigenous people who never want to be displaced but would like to share their ideas and opinion with family members and friends who has been on the run due to globalization. Untile the day when every one will stay at home for better life, Globalization must be to balance the economy of the working class of the modern world.

Q. Different lessons are taught in Tanzanian schools culture being one of them , why is it essential for Tanzania to have lessons on culture in schools ?

ANSWER:

----Define   culture

----Components  of  culture

----Importance   of  culture

----Conclusion

Culture is the sum of total of the learned behavior of a group of people that are generally considered to be the tradition of that people and are transmitted from generation to generation.  or

A culture is a way of life of a group of people--the behaviors, beliefs, values, and symbols that they accept, generally without thinking about them, and that are passed along by communication and imitation from one generation to the next.

Components of Culture

Components of Culture - are simply parts (ingredients, items, pieces, features) that make up a culture. These components look different in each culture.
There are different way to break down the components of culture - below is one way.
1. Survival
a. food - edible source of energy
b. clothing - protective covering for the body
c. defense - tools and strategies used to protect people from threats
d. shelter - structure used to protect people and their belongings
2. Education - the way people in a culture learn what they need to know in order to be successful in their culture
3. Transportation - the way a culture gets people and goods from one place to another
4. Communication - the way a culture shares ideas and messages
5. Economy - the way people in a culture get what they need and want
6. Technology - manmade tools that make life easier
7. Social Structure - who is considered important in a culture and who isn't
8. Beliefs and Traditions - the ideas a culture believes in and the way they celebrate those beliefs
9. Rules and Regulations - the rules that maintain order in a culture and the structure that maintains those rules
10. Arts & Recreation - the way a culture spends its spare time and expresses itself creatively

Importance of Culture
Why is culture important? How do cultural values impact living? Read on to find the answers.
Culture refers to the pattern of human activity and the symbols, which give significance to this activity. Culture is represented through the art, literature, costumes, customs and traditions of a community. Different cultures exist in different parts of the world. The natural environment greatly affects the lifestyle of the people of that region, thus shaping their culture. The diversity in the cultures around the world is also a result of the mindsets of people inhabiting different regions of the world. Why is culture important? Let us try to find out.

The cultural values of a community give it an identity of its own. A community gains a character and a personality of its own, because of the culture of its people. Culture is shared by the members of a community. It is learned and passed from the older generations to the newer ones. For an effective transfer of culture from one generation to another, it has to be translated into symbols. Language, art and religion serve as the symbolic means of transfer of cultural values between generations.

Culture is a bond that ties the people of a region or community together. It is that one common bond, which brings the people of a community together. The customs and traditions that the people of a community follow, the festivals they celebrate, the kind of clothing they wear, the food they eat, and most importantly, the cultural values they adhere to, bind them together.

Culture is seen as a system of social control, wherein people shape their standards and behavior. The cultural values form the founding principles of one's life. They influence one's principles and philosophies of life. They influence one's way of living and thus impact social life.

The importance of culture lies in the fact that it is a link between people and their value systems.

Culture is the unique possession of man. Man is born and brought up in a cultural environment. Man is not only a social animal but also a cultural being. Man cannot survive as a man without culture. Culture fulfils our needs and represents the entire achievements of mankind.

E. B. Taylor defined culture as "that complex whole which includes knowledge, beliefs, art, morale, laws, customs and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society."

Functions of Culture:

Culture has been fulfilling a number of functions which may be divided into two - (a) for the individual and (b) for the group.

a. Importance to the individual:

(1) Culture distinguishes man from animal. It is the culture that makes the human animal a man. It regulates his conduct and prepares him for a group life. Without culture he would have been forced to find his own way which would have meant a loss of energy.

(2) Culture provides solution for complicated situations. Culture provides man a set of behaviour for difficult situations. In the absence of culture man would have been baffled even at the simplest situations. Culture not only defines but also determines what we eat and drink, when to sleep, when to laugh etc.

(3) Culture provides traditional interpretation to certain situations. Through culture man gets traditional interpretations for many situations according to which he determines his behaviour. For example, if a cat crosses his way he postpones the journey.

(4) Culture shapes personality. No child can develop human qualities in the absence of cultural environment. Culture prepares man for group life. It is culture that provides opportunities for the development of personality and sets limits on its growth.

b. Importance for the group:

(1) Culture keeps social relationship intact. Culture has importance not only for men but also for the group. Culture prepares man for group life. Group life would have been poor, nasty, and short if there had been no cultural regulations. Group solidarity rests on the foundation of culture.

(2) Culture has given a new vision to the individual. Secondly, culture has given a new vision to the co-operation of the individuals. Culture teaches him to think of himself as a part of the larger whole. It provides him with the concepts of family, state, nation etc. and makes possible the coordination and division of labour.

(3)Culture creates new needs. Finally, culture also creates new needs and drives, for example, thirst for knowledge and arranges for their satisfaction. It satisfies the moral and religious interests of the members of the group.

Conclusion:

From the discussion we know that culture is the unique possession of man. No one can develop human qualities without culture. Culture distinguishes, leads, changes the personality of the individual and structure of the group.

Q. Outline the effects Of Poverty in third world countries like Tanzania

----What  is  Poverty ?
----Causes of  Poverty.
----Effects  of   Poverty.
----Conclusion.

 Poverty is about not having enough money to meet basic needs including food, clothing and shelter.  However, poverty is more, much more than just not having enough money.

When we think about poverty many of us recall TV images from the developing world: of famine, of shanty towns, or of children dying from preventable diseases. Yet this is clearly not what we observe in the UK.

Any discussion of social class and mobility would be incomplete without a discussion of poverty, which is defined as the lack of the minimum food and shelter necessary for maintaining life. More specifically, this condition is known as absolute poverty. Today it is estimated that more than 35 million Americans—approximately 14 percent of the population—live in poverty. Of course, like all other social science statistics, these are not without controversy. Other estimates of poverty in the United States range from 10 percent to 21 percent, depending on one's political leanings. This is why many sociologists prefer a relative, rather than an absolute, definition of poverty. According to the definition of relative poverty, the poor are those who lack what is needed by most Americans to live decently because they earn less than half of the nation's median income. By this standard, around 20 percent of Americans live in poverty, and this has been the case for at least the past 40 years. Of these 20 percent, 60 percent are from the working class  poor.

The level of poverty in Tanzania is high. The definition of poverty is a contentious point, which differs from one country to another. There are also varying degrees of poverty. From a broader perspective, poverty is defined as "the state of being extremely poor" and is understood by many to mean the lack of basic necessities such as food, water, shelter, healthcare, and primary education.
Unicef argues that, whilst Tanzania has made great efforts in meeting its domestic and international targets in the alleviation of child poverty especially in the areas of education and healthcare, child poverty is still an important issue for the country

CAUSES   OF  POVERTY

Poverty is an exceptionally complicated social phenomenon, and trying to discover its causes is equally complicated. The stereotypic (and simplistic) explanation persists—that the poor cause their own poverty—based on the notion that anything is possible in America. Some theorists have accused the poor of having little concern for the future and preferring to “live for the moment”; others have accused them of engaging in self‐defeating behavior. Still other theorists have characterized the poor as fatalists, resigning themselves to a culture of poverty in which nothing can be done to change their economic outcomes. In this culture of poverty—which passes from generation to generation—the poor feel negative, inferior, passive, hopeless, and powerless.

The “blame the poor” perspective is stereotypic and not applicable to all of the underclass. Not only are most poor people able and willing to work hard, they do so when given the chance. The real trouble has to do with such problems as minimum wages and lack of access to the education necessary for obtaining a better‐paying job.

More recently, sociologists have focused on other theories of poverty. One theory of poverty has to do with the flight of the middle class, including employers, from the cities and into the suburbs. This has limited the opportunities for the inner‐city poor to find adequate jobs. According to another theory, the poor would rather receive welfare payments than work in demeaning positions as maids or in fast‐food restaurants. As a result of this view, the welfare system has come under increasing attack in recent years.

Again, no simple explanations for or solutions to the problem of poverty exist. Although varying theories abound, sociologists will continue to pay attention to this issue in the years to come.

THE  EFFECTS  OF  POVERTY

The effects of poverty are serious. Children who grow up in poverty suffer more persistent, frequent, and severe health problems than do children who grow up under better financial circumstances.

• Many infants born into poverty have a low birth weight, which is associated with many preventable mental and physical disabilities. Not only are these poor infants more likely to be irritable or sickly, they are also more likely to die before their first birthday.
• Children raised in poverty tend to miss school more often because of illness. These children also have a much higher rate of accidents than do other children, and they are twice as likely to have impaired vision and hearing, iron deficiency anemia, and higher than normal levels of lead in the blood, which can impair brain function.

Levels of stress in the family have also been shown to correlate with economic circumstances. Studies during economic recessions indicate that job loss and subsequent poverty are associated with violence in families, including child and elder abuse. Poor families experience much more stress than middle‐class families. Besides financial uncertainty, these families are more likely to be exposed to series of negative events and “bad luck,” including illness, depression, eviction, job loss, criminal victimization, and family death. Parents who experience hard economic times may become excessively punitive and erratic, issuing demands backed by insults, threats, and corporal punishment.

Homelessness, or extreme poverty, carries with it a particularly strong set of risks for families, especially children. Compared to children living in poverty but having homes, homeless children are less likely to receive proper nutrition and immunization. Hence, they experience more health problems. Homeless women experience higher rates of low‐birth‐weight babies, miscarriages, and infant mortality, probably due to not having access to adequate prenatal care for their babies. Homeless families experience even greater life stress than other families, including increased disruption in work, school, family relationships, and friendships.

Sociologists have been particularly concerned about the effects of poverty on the “black underclass,” the increasing numbers of jobless, welfare‐dependent African Americans trapped in inner‐city ghettos. Many of the industries (textiles, auto, steel) that previously offered employment to the black working class have shut down, while newer industries have relocated to the suburbs. Because most urban jobs either require advanced education or pay minimum wage, unemployment rates for inner‐city blacks are high.

Even though Hispanic Americans are almost as likely as African Americans to live in poverty, fewer inner‐city Hispanic neighborhoods have undergone the same massive changes as many black neighborhoods have. Middle and working class Hispanic families have not left their barrio, or urban Spanish‐speaking neighborhood, in large numbers, so most Hispanic cultural and social institutions there remain intact. In addition, local Hispanic‐owned businesses and low‐skill industries support the barrio with wage‐based, not welfare‐based, businesses.

Climbing out of poverty is difficult for anyone, perhaps because, at its worst, poverty can become a self‐perpetuating cycle. Children of poverty are at an extreme disadvantage in the job market; in turn, the lack of good jobs ensures continued poverty. The cycle ends up repeating itself until the pattern is somehow broken.

CONCLUSION :
Poverty is one of the greatest concerns of many families in Tanzania. Rural communities are affected more compared to urban dwellers. Despite the efforts of the international community and the government, the situation of poverty is getting increasingly more difficult.

 Tthe number of people without clean and safe drinking water, illiteracy, young women involved in women to women marriage, commercial sex work, child prostitution and other forms of child labour is alarming also rural urban migration of young girls who later join street life, has increased in the recent years because of poverty.

The traditional support system, which were very strong in assisting members of the extended family before, in difficult circumstances, has been disrupted in recent years because of poverty

MY FAMILY TREE NO. 2