O---LEVEL FINE ARTS.
INTRODUCTION.
Historically, the 5 main fine arts were painting, sculpture, architecture, music and poetry, with minor arts including drama and dance.[1] Today, the fine arts commonly include additional forms, such as film, photography, conceptual art, and printmaking. However, in some institutes of learning or in museums, fine art and frequently the term fine arts (pl.) as well, are associated exclusively with visual art forms.[citation needed]
One definition of fine art is "a visual art considered to have been created primarily for aesthetic and intellectual purposes and judged for its beauty and meaningfulness, specifically, painting, sculpture, drawing, watercolor, graphics, and architecture."[2] In that sense, there are conceptual differences between the Fine Arts and the Applied Arts. As originally conceived, and as understood for much of the modern era, the perception of aesthetic qualities required a refined judgment usually referred to as having good taste, which differentiated fine art from popular art and entertainment.[3] However in the Postmodern era, the value of good taste is disappearing, to the point that having bad taste has become synonymous with being avant-garde.[4] The term "fine art" is now rarely found in art history, but remains common in the art trade and as a title for university departments and degrees, even if rarely used in teaching.
The word "fine" does not so much denote the quality of the artwork in question, but the purity of the discipline.[citation needed] This definition tends to exclude visual art forms that could be considered craftwork or applied art, such as textiles. The visual arts has been described as a more inclusive and descriptive phrase for current art practice. Also, today there is an escalation of media in which high art is more recognized to occur.[citation needed]
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History
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Main article: Art history
According to some writers the concept of a distinct category of fine art is an invention of the early modern period in the West. Larry Shiner in his The Invention of Art: A Cultural History
(2003) locates the invention in the 18th century: "There was a
traditional “system of the arts” in the West before the eighteenth
century. (Other traditional cultures still have a similar system.) In
that system, an artist or artisan was a skilled maker or practitioner, a
work of art was the useful product of skilled work, and the
appreciation of the arts was integrally connected with their role in the
rest of life. “Art,” in other words, meant approximately the same thing
as the Greek word techne, or in English “skill”, a sense that has
survived in phrases like “the art of war,” “the art of love,” and “the
art of medicine.”[5] Similar ideas have been expressed by Paul Oskar Kristeller, Pierre Bourdieu, and Terry Eagleton (e.g. The Ideology of the Aesthetic), though the point of invention is often placed earlier, in the Italian Renaissance.Cultural perspectives
The separation of arts and crafts that often exists in Europe and the US is not shared by all other cultures. In Japanese aesthetics the activities of everyday life are depicted by integrating not only art with craft but man-made with nature. Traditional Chinese art distinguished within Chinese painting between the mostly landscape literati painting of scholar gentlemen and the artisans of the schools of court painting and sculpture. A high status was also given to many things that would be seen as craft objects in the West, in particular ceramics, jade carving, weaving, and embroidery. Latin American art was dominated by European colonialism until the 20th-century, when indigenous art began to reassert itself inspired by the Constructivist Movement, which reunited arts with crafts based upon socialist principles.Two-dimensional work
Painting and Drawing
Drawing is a form of visual expression and is one of the major forms within the visual arts. Common instruments include graphite pencils, pen and ink, inked brushes, wax color pencils, crayons, charcoals, chalk, pastels, markers, stylus, or various metals like silverpoint. There are a number of subcategories of drawing, including cartooning. Certain drawing methods or approaches, such as "doodling" and other informal kinds of drawing such as drawing in the fog a shower leaves on a bathroom mirror, or the surrealist method of "entopic graphomania", in which dots are made at the sites of impurities in a blank sheet of paper, and lines are then made between the dots, may or may not be considered to be part of "drawing" as a "fine art."Mosaics
Main article: Mosaic
Printmaking
Main article: Printmaking
Calligraphy
Main article: Calligraphy
Calligraphy is a type of visual art. It is often called the art of fancy lettering [6]
A contemporary definition of calligraphic practice is "the art of
giving form to signs in an expressive, harmonious and skillful manner".[6]
Modern calligraphy ranges from functional hand-lettered inscriptions
and designs to fine-art pieces where the abstract expression of the
handwritten mark may or may not compromise the legibility of the
letters.[6]
Classical calligraphy differs from typography and non-classical
hand-lettering, though a calligrapher may create all of these;
characters are historically disciplined yet fluid and spontaneous,
improvised at the moment of writing [7][8][9]
Photography
Main article: Fine-art photography
Sculpture
Main article: Sculpture
Conceptual art
Main article: Conceptual art
Dance
Main article: Dance
Theatre
Main article: Theatre
Film
Main article: Film
Fine arts film is a term that encompasses motion pictures and the field of film as a fine art form. A fine arts movie theater is a venue, usually a building, for viewing such movies. Films are produced by recording images from the world with cameras, or by creating images using animation techniques or special effects. Films are cultural artifacts created by specific cultures, which reflect those cultures, and, in turn, affect them. Film is considered to be an important art form, a source of popular entertainment and a powerful method for educating — or indoctrinating
— citizens. The visual elements of cinema give motion pictures a
universal power of communication. Some films have become popular
worldwide attractions by using dubbing or subtitles that translate the dialogue.Cinematography is the discipline of making lighting and camera choices when recording photographic images for the cinema. It is closely related to the art of still photography, though many additional issues arise when both the camera and elements of the scene may be in motion.
Independent filmmaking often takes place outside of Hollywood, or other major studio systems. An independent film (or indie film) is a film initially produced without financing or distribution from a major movie studio. Creative, business, and technological reasons have all contributed to the growth of the indie film scene in the late 20th and early 21st century.
Architecture
Main article: Architecture
Architecture is frequently considered a fine art, especially if its aesthetic components are spotlighted — in contrast to structural-engineering or construction-management components. Architectural works are perceived as cultural and political symbols and works of art. Historical civilizations often are known primarily through their architectural achievements. Such buildings as the pyramids of Egypt and the Roman Colosseum are cultural symbols, and are important links in public consciousness, even when scholars
have discovered much about past civilizations through other means.
Cities, regions and cultures continue to identify themselves with, and
are known by, their architectural monuments.[12]
Other
- Avant-garde music is frequently considered both a performing art and a fine art.
- Creative writing —distinct from journalism or technical writing, as well as different from most forms of academic writing and organizational communications— is, as previously mentioned, frequently considered a fine art.
- Electronic Media —perhaps the newest medium for fine art, since it utilizes modern technologies such as computers from production to presentation. Includes, amongst others, video, digital photography, digital printmaking and interactive pieces.
- Textiles, including quilt art and "wearable" or "pre-wearable" creations, frequently reach the category of fine art objects, sometimes like part of an art display.
- Western art (or Classical) music is a performing art frequently considered to be fine art.
Academic study
Africa
Asia
- Kyoto City University of Arts, Japan Offers graduate degrees in Painting, Printmaking, Concept and Media Planning, Sculpture, and Design (Visual, Environmental, and Product), Crafts (Ceramics, Dying and Weaving, and Urushi Lacquering); also the Science of Art and Conservation.
- Tokyo University of the Arts The art school offers graduate degrees in Painting (Japanese and Oil), Sculpture, Crafts, Design, Architecture, Intermedia Art, Aesthetics and Art History. The music and film schools are separate.
- Korean National University[dead link] Music, Drama, Dance, Film, Traditional Arts (Korean Music, Dance and Performing Arts), Design, Architecture, Art Theory, Visual Arts Dept. of Fine Arts (painting, sculpture, photography, 3D laser holography, Video, interactivity, pottery and glass)
Europe
Great Britain
- Royal Academy of Arts, London
- The Ruskin School, University of Oxford The BFA is a three-year, studio-based course in which students work alongside each other in collaboratively organised studios. It allows students to engage with the diversity of disciplines that shape contemporary art, including painting, sculpture, printmaking, photography, installation, video, sound, performance and other experimental forms.
- Edinburgh College of Art[dead link]
- Central Saint Martins, London
- University of Kent, UK Fine Art Phd "The programme welcomes students who wish to pursue any form of artistic practice in an interdisciplinary studio-based research environment. Research students are supported through their studies by a supervisory team and regular supervisory meetings."
Other
South America
- Brazil: The Institute for the Arts in Brazilia has departments for theater, visual arts, industrial design, and music. [13]
United States
In the United States an academic course of study in fine art may include the Bachelor of Arts in Fine Art, or a Bachelor of Fine Arts, and/or a Master of Fine Arts degree — traditionally the terminal degree in the field. Doctor of Fine Arts degrees —earned, as opposed to honorary degrees— have begun to emerge at some US academic institutions, however. Major schools of art in the US:- Yale University, New Haven, CT - MFA in Painting, printmaking, sculpture, photography, and graphic design. An interdisciplinary degree in film is also offered. The BA in art includes the same areas of study, plus drawing.[14]
- Rhode Island School of Design, Providence, RI - MFA in Ceramics, Glass, Jewelry + Metalsmithing, Painting, Photography, Printmaking, Sculpture, Textiles; BFA in Film/Animation/Video, Illustration[15]
- School of the Art Institute of Chicago, Chicago, IL - MFA in Studio, MFA in Writing[16]
- University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA - MFA in Ceramics, Interdisciplinary Studio, New Genres, Painting and Drawing, Photography, and Sculpture[17]
- California Institute of the Arts, Valencia, CA[18]
- Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA[19]
- Cranbrook Academy of Art, Bloomfield Hills, MI[20]
- Maryland Institute College of Art, Baltimore, MD[21]
- Columbia University, New York, NY - The School of the Arts at Columbia University offers MFA degrees in Film, Theatre Arts, Visual Arts and Writing, an MA degree in Film Studies, a joint JD/MFA degree in Theatre Management & Producing, and a PhD degree in Theatre History, Literature and Theory.[22]
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